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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



ENGLISH GEAMMAR FOR 
BEGINNERS 



f^yi>^- 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR 



FOR 



BEGINNERS 




BY 

JAMES p/kINARD, Ph.D. 

\v 
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN WINTHROP COLLEGE 
ROCK HILL, S.C. 



THE MACMTLLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO.. Ltd. 
1906 

All rights reserved 






LIBRARY Of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

FEB 5 <906 

^ CoDv right Entry 
CLASS ^ XXc» No. 
COPY B. 




Copyright, 1906, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY^ 



Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1906. 



NorbjaotJ i^regg 

Jo S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, MasSo, U.S. Ac 



PREFACE 

The general plan of the ''English Grammar for Be- 
ginners " is outlined in the Table of Contents on page 
ixo The work is progressive, and from the very start 
the sentence is made the basis of all study and develop- 
ment. Words, their different forms, their relations to 
other words in the sentence, the analysis of the sentence^ 
and a critical discrimination in the use of words in sen- 
tences, — this, in brief, is the whole of grammar as it is 
presented in this book. 

The author is in full sympathy with the best modern 
methods in the treatment of our English speech, and en- 
deavors at every stage of his work to go straight to " the 
root of the matter " without useless forms and theories. 

Attention is especially called to the following points : — 

I. It is a real grammar for beginners. 
II. It contains an unusually large number of illus- 
trative sentences. 
III. By arranging the illustrative sentences in parallel 
columns, and in the general development of 
each subject, the author has made an effective 
use of the inductive method. 

V 



vi PREFACE 

IV. In complex and compound sentences a helpful 
combination of analysis and short parsing is 
made by the use of a system of simple dia- 
gramming. 

It is believed that there is a place, and a large place, 
in the schools for a book as simple and practical in its 
method and treatment as this '' English Grammar for 
Beginners." 



TO THE TEACHER 

The author requests that you read the whole book 
before you begin to teach it. 

Allow a part of each recitation for preparation for 
the next recitation. Read over the explanatory parts 
of the text with the pupils, and help them to answer 
the questions. They will then know what to do when 
they come to prepare the lesson for the next day. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PART I ......... o . 1 

The object of Part I is to teach the pupil to recognize 
the parts of speech. 

PART II e . 21 

The object of Part II is to show the different forms of 
the parts of speech. 

PART III '. . . .123 

The object of Part III is to teach each part of speech in 
its relation to other words ; to show how each part of speech 
is used in the sentence. 

PART lY / e , . . 195 

The object of Part IV is to teach the pupil to analyze the 
sentence. 

PART V . . . . o . . . o . .241 

The object of Part Y is to teach the right use of certain 
parts of speech. 

INDEX / , • . , . . , ... .255 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



PART I 

The object of Part I is to teach the pupil to recognize the 
parts of speech. 



I. THE SENTENCE 
1. Read : — 

The boat wa.s nowhere to be seen. The stafee which had held it 
had also disappeared. Far as the eye could reach nothing was visible 
but water. They looked anxiously over the watery waste, and then 
into each other's faces. — The Young Marooners . 

Note that what you have read is divided into groups of 
words. 

Each group of words begins with a capital letter and 
ends with a period. 

First group of words : The boat was nowhere to be seen. 

Second group of words : The stake which had held it had also 
disappeared. 

Third group of words: Far as the eye could reach nothing was 
visible but water. 

Fourth group of words : They looked anxiously over the watery 
waste, and then into each other's faces. 

Note that each group of words expresses a complete 
thought. 

A group of words that expresses a complete thought is 
called a sentenceo 

B 1 ' 



ENGLISH GBAMMAE FOB BEGINNEBS 

II. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

Read : — 



II 

was built by Noah. 
were friends, 
crossed the Red Sea. 
did not know him. 



I 

The ark 

David and Jonathan 

The children of Israel 

Joseph's brethren 

Each sentence is so arranged that a part of it is in 
column I and a part in column II. 

In which column do you find that part of the sentence 
which names the thing that something is said about? 

In w^hich column do you find the part of the sentence 
that tells ivhat is said ? 

Tlie part of the sentence which names the thing that 
something is said about is called the subject of the 
sentence. 

The part of the sentence that tells what is said about 
the thing spoken of is called the predicate of the sentence. 

3. Pick out the subject and the predicate of each of 
the following sentences : — 

1. Henry's father keeps bees. 

2. John's mother came to the door. 
' 3. Esau and Jacob were twins. 

4. The songs of the children were beautiful. 

5. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 

6. The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown. 

7. A great deal of money was spent on the building. 

8. Too many cooks spoil the broth. 

9. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. 
10. The man in the moon came down too soon. 

Find and write down ten sentences, and tell the subject 
and the predicate of eacho 



NOUNS 



III. NOUNS 

4. Read : — 

Ichabod was a suitable ^^wre for such a steed. He rode with short 
stirrups^ which brought his knees nearly up to the pommel of his saddle ; 
his sharp elbows stuck out like grasshoppers' ; he carried his ivhip per- 
pendicularly in his hand like a scepter, and, as his horse jogged on, the 
motion of his arms was not unlike the flapping of 2^ pair of wings. 

Look carefully at the words in italics. Each word in 
italics is the name of something. 

In the following sentence pick out each word that is the 
name of something : — 

A small hat rested upon his nose, and the skirts of his black coat 
fluttered out almost to the horse's tail. 

In Grammar, words that are the names of things are 
called nouns. 

5. In the following sentences pick out the nouns : — 

The children of the village loved him. He made their playthings ; 
taught them to fly kites and. shoot marbles; and told them about 
ghosts, witches, and Indians. Whenever he went dodging about the 
village, he was surrounded by a troop of them, hanging on his skirts, 
clambering on his back, and playing a thousand tricks on him; and 
not a dog would bark at him throughout the neighborhood. 

His fences were constantly falling to pieces; his cow would either 
go astray, or get among the cabbages ; weeds were sure to grow 
quicker in his field than anywhere else ; and the rain always set in 
just as he had some outdoor work to do. 

He would sit on a wet rock and fish all day without a murmur, 
even though he should not be encouraged by a single nibble. He 
would carry a gun on his shoulder for hours together, trudging 
through woods and swamps, and up hill and down dale, to shoot a 
few squirrels and wild pigeons. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



6. Compare the sentences in column I with those in 

column II. 

I II 



Solomon's temple was magnifi- 
cent. 

Samson's hair was long. 

The Jiakes of snow were large. 



Solomon's wisdom astonished 
the Queen of Sheba. 

Samson's strength was great. 

The whiteness of the snow was 
dazzling. 

Your sorroiv shall be turned 
into gladness. 

Walking is good exercise. 

The horse was frightened by 
the ringing of the bells. 

What part of speech are the words in italics in column I ? 

The words in italics in column II are nouns. These 
nouns, however, are the names of things very different 
from the things named in column I. Try to tell the 
difference. In which column are the nouns the names of 
things that can be seen or touched ? 

7. Pick out the nouns in the following sentences: — 

1. Reading was the only amusement I allowed myself. 

2. Treasure Valley was one mass of ruin and desolation. 

3. Gluck was very much puzzled by the behavior of his guest ; it 
was a strange mixture of coolness and humility. 

4. Waste makes want. 
A little learning is a dangerous thing. 
I like to study mathematics. 

' Won't you give me a ride on your back ? " 

Said the duck to the kangaroo ; 
" I'll sit very still and say nothing but quack 
The whole of the long day through." 

Find and write down five sentences. Draw a line under 
each noun. 



o. 
6. 

7. 



ADJECTIVES 5 

IV. ADJECTIVES 

8. Read : — 

Little Polly Flinders 

Sat among the cinders 
Warming her pretty little toes ; ^ 

Her mother came and oaught her 

And spanked her little daughter 
For spoiling her nice, new clothes. 

Pick out the nouns in this selection. 
Look now at the words in italics. 
For what purpose are they used ? 

Words like little^ pretty^ nice., and new.^ that describe or 
limit nouns, are said to modify^ nouns. 

Words that modify nouns are called adjectives. 

9. Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences 
and tell what noun each adjective modifies: — 

1. Little drops of water, 
Little grains of sand, 
Make the mighty ocean 
And the pleasant land. 

2. A wise son maketh a glad father. 

3. The old soldier has a wooden leg. 

4. The woodcutter has a sharp ax and a strong arm. 

5. Cinderella dropped one of her glass slippers. 

6. A little learning is a dangerous thing. 

7. There's a merry brown thrush sitting up in a tree. 

8. Old Mother Hubbard went to the cupboard 

To get her poor dog a bone. 

9. Two legs sat upon three legs. 

10. Have you any wool? 

11. Several men rushed into the small room. 

1 Let the teacher explain fully what is meant by modify. 



6 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



10. Can you think of adjectives that would modify the 
nouns in the following sentences? 



1. 


My father has hair and eyes. 


2. 


A cannon makes a noise. 


3. 


The garden is filled with roses. 


4. 


In winter we have nights. 


5. 


We live in a house. 


6. 


School children like vacations. 


7. 


The bell has a tone. 


8. 


The hand has fingers. 


9. 


The man we saw yesterday had a 


10. 


This lamp gives a light. 


. Compa 


re: — 



beard. 



I 

Solomon was a wise king. 
Daniel was a brave man. 

Goliath despised the young 
David. 



II 

Solomon was wise. 
Daniel, hrave and 
feared not the king. 
David w^as young. 



heroic, 



In column I what noun does each adjective modify ? 
Note that these adjectives are placed just before the 
words they modify. 

In column II what noun does the adjective wise modify? 
What noun do Irave and heroic modify ? What noun does 
young modify ? 

It is not necessary for the adjective to be placed im- 
mediately before the noun it modifies. 

12. Pick out all the adjectives in the following sen- 
tences and tell what noun each adjective modifies: — 

1. Lend me tw^o dollars. 

2. The rose is red, the violet blue. 



PRONOUNS 1 

3. The way was long, the wind was cold, 
The minstrel was infirm and old. 

4. The way of the transgressor is hard. 

5. The path became steep. 

6. There dwelt a miller, hale and bold, 

Beside the river Dee. 

7. It was the most extraordinary little gentleman he had ever 
seen in his life. He had a very large nose, slightly brass-colored ; 
his cheeks were very romid and very red. 

8. The schoolhouse stood in a rather lonely but pleasant situation, 
just at the foot of a woody hill. 

9. His head was small and flat at top, with huge ears, large green, 
glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose. 



V. PRONOUNS 



13. Read: 



Moses was told to put Moses's 
shoes from off Moses's feet, for the 
ground on which Moses trod was 
holy. 

And Ruth said, " Entreat Ruth 
not to leave Naomi, or to return 
from following after Naomi ; for 
whither Naomi goes Ruth will go, 
and where Naomi lodges Ruth will 
lodge." 

The people of Israel were very 
angry when the people of Israel 
heard that the people of Israel's 
wanderings were to last so long. 



II 

Moses was told to put his shoes 
from off his feet, for the ground 
on which he trod Was holy. 

And Ruth said, '' Entreat me 
not to leave you, or to return 
from following after you; for 
whither you go / will go, and 
where you lodge / will lodge." 

The people of Israel were very 
angry when they heard that their 
wanderings were to last so long. 



Which sound better, the sentences in column I, or the 
sentences in column II ? Can you tell why ? 



8 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

For what purpose are the words in italics in column II ' 
used ? 

A word that is used for a noun is called a pronoun. 

14. Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences 
and tell what noun each pronoun ^ stands for: — 

A fox once invited a stork to dine with him. He set before her a 
shallow dish of food. The fox ate of it greedily, for the dish suited 
his short nose. But the poor bird, dipping in her long beak, could 
scarcely take up any of it. " You do not take your soup," said the 
fox ; " I fear you do not like it." He bade the servants bring some 
puddings. But when the puddings were brought, they also were in 
shallow dishes, so that the poor stork could not enjoy them. The 
spiteful fox enjoyed his cruel joke, but the hungry stork went home 
angry. She determined, however, to revenge herself on her cunning 
enemy. She waited till the fox had forgotten his trick, and then she 
sent him an invitation to dinner. When they sat down there were 
six dishes on the table, but they were so .narrow at their tops that the 
fox could not get his head into them. He tried each dish, but in 
vain. Meantime the stork dipped in her long beak and dined very 
pleasantly; but the fox was silent and sullen. Presently he burst 
out, "I do not like your dishes, Mrs. Stork." "iSTor do I like your 
dishes, Mr. Fox." 2 

Pick out the nouns in the above^ selection. 
Pick out the adjectives in the above selection. 

VI. VERBS 

15. Read: — 

The fox ate of it greedily. 
The hungry stork fcejit home angry. 
The puddings were in shallow dishes. 
She seiit the fox an invitation to dinner. 
The stork dined very pleasantly. 

1 Only personal pronouns are referred to here. 

2 This selection is taken from Rankin : Everyday English. 



VERBS 9 

Look at the words in italics. For what purpose are 
they used ? 

Words that are used to tell something are called verbs. 

16. Pick out the verbs in the following sentences: — 

1. David killed Goliath. 

2. The children of Israel crossed the Red Sea. 

3. Moses was a good leader. 

4. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 

5. A little boy went into a barn, 

And lay down on some hay; 
An owl came and flew about, 
And the little boy ran away. 

17. Read: — 

David killed Goliath. 

David was loved by Jonathan. 

The tree has been planted. 

The vegetables will he gathered soon. 

The house might have been saved. 

These sentences show that the verb may consist of one, 
two, three, or four words. 



18. Compare: — 

I 

The boy has returned. 
My father will come again. 

Those apples were gathered to- 
day. 

My brother has traveled over 
the world. 



II 

The boy has just returned. 

My father will certainly come 
again. 

Were those apples gathered to- 
day ? 

Has your brother traveled over 
the world ? 



Pick out the verbs in column I. 
Pick out the verbs in column II. 

Note that the words making up the verb are sometimes 
separated from each other by other words. 



10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



VIL EXERCISE 

19. Pick out the verbs in the following sentences: — 

1. Jack Sprat could eat no fat, 

His wife could eat no lean ; 
Betwixt them both they cleared the plate, 
And licked the platter clean. 

2. Dawn came at last, and the two brothers looked out of Gluck's 
little window in the morning. The Treasure Valley was one mass of 
ruin and desolation. The two brothers crept into the kitchen. The 
water had gutted the whole first floor; almost everything movable 
had been swept away ; there was left only a small white card on the 
kitchen table. 

3. Poor little Gluck waited very anxiously for Hans's return. 
Finding that he did not come back, he was terribly frightened, 
and went and told Schwartz in the prison all that had happened. 
Then Schwartz was very much pleased, and said that Hans must cer- 
tainly have been turned into a black stone, and he should have all 
the gold to himself. 

4. Wolf, too, had disappeared, but he might have strayed away 
after a squirrel or partridge. He whistled after him and shouted his 
name, but all in vain ; the echoes repeated his whistle and shout, but 
no dog was to be seen. 



20. Compare: — - 

I 

Waste makes want. 
Waste makes vmnt. 
The teacher gave us a good talk. 



II 

Pupils often ivaste their time. 
The children ivant to go home. 
The children talk too mucho 



In column I are the words in italics nouns or verbs ? 
In column II are tlie words in italics nouns or verbs? 
The same word is sometimes used both as noun and 
verb, 



ADVERBS 11 

21. Examine the words in italics in the following sen- 
tences, and tell whether they are nouns or verbs : — 

1. Won't you give me a ride on your back ? 

2. Kings ride in fine coaches. 

3. " Won't you walk into my parlor? " \ 

Said the spider to the Jiy. 

4. Birds j^?/; csjts ivalL 

5. The tired boys sleep well. 

6. O sleep, it is a blessed thing. 

7. Let us take a little rest now. 

8. Let us rest beside this stream. 

9. Please hand me a drink of water. 

10. When you water the horses, let them drink as much as they can. 

Find and write down ten sentences. Draw a line under 
each verb. 

VIII. ADVERBS 

22. Compare: — 



I 

Solomon ruled. 
Jonathan fought. 
The messenger ran. 



II 

Solomon ruled ivisely. 
Jonathan fought bravely. 
The messenger ran swiftly. 



In column II for what purpose is the word widely used? 
bravely? swiftly? 

A word that is joined to a verb to limit or modify its 
meaning is called an adverb. 

Adverbs modify verbs. 

23. Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences and 
tell what verb each modifies : — 

1. The teacher reads rapidly. 

2. The snow melts slowly. 

3. My sister studies hard. 

4. My brother reads well. 



12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

5. But the stork listened gladly to the song^ and was not at all 
angry. More than once she turned her head slowly, and out of her 
deep, round eyes looked kindly upon the singers. 

6. At last, having safely crossed the great river, they started again 
in search of gold. 

7. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 

8. The shades of night were falling fast. 

9. We meet him often on our way to school. 

10. My brother has acted strangely in this matter, 

11. Said the duck: " As I sat on the rocks, 
I have thought over that completely ; 

And I bought four pair of worsted socks. 
Which fit my web-feet neatly." 



24. Compare: — 
I 

Solomon ruled loisely, 

Jonathan fought hraveh/o 
The messenger ran siuiftly. 



II 

Solomon ruled exceedingly 
wisely. 

Jonathan fought very bravely. 
The messenger ran too swiftly. 



In column I what part of speech are the words in italics ? 

In column II what does the Avord exceedingly modify ? 
What does the word very modify ? What does the word 
too modify ? 

Words that are used like exceedingly^ very^ and too are 
called adverbs. 

In addition to modifying verbs, adverbs also modify 
adverbs. 

25. Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences 
and tell what each modifies : — 

1. I know him very slightly. 

2. It rained unusually hard. 

3. You must not talk so loud. 

4. You should write more carefully. 



EXERCISE 13 



5. This horse runs tolerably fast. 

6. My horse can run faster than yours. 

26. Compare : — 



I 

These apples are sweet. 
His story was true. 
Your statement is correct. 



II 

These apples are' very sweet. 

His story was too true. 

Your statement is quite correct. 



What part of speech are the words in italics in column I? 

In column II what does the word very modify? too? 
quite ? 

Words that are used like very^ too^ and quite are called 
adverbs. 

Adverbs may also modify adjectives. 

IX. EXERCISE 

27. Pick out the adverbs in the following sentences 
and tell what each modifies : — ' 

1. These apples are nearly ripe. 

2. John has been dangerously ill. 

3. This bridge is entirely safe. 

4. The travelers found the road extremely rough. 

5. The man in the moon 
Came down too soon. 

6. And its crops were so heavy, and its hay so high, and its apples 
so red, and its grapes so blue, and its wine so rich, and its honey so 
sweet, that it was a marvel to every one who beheld it, and was com- 
monly called Treasure Valley. 

7. Oar man of letters was peculiarly happy in the smiles of all 
the country damsels. 

8. The worthy pedagogue got on tolerably well, and was thought, 
by all who understood nothing of headwork, to have a wonderfully 
easy time of it. 



14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

9. Since the melting away of his gold it had been very generally 
conceded that there was no such striking resemblance, after all, be- 
twixt the ignoble features of the ruined merchant and that majestic 
face upon the mountains. 

10. More years sped swiftly and tranquilly away. Ernest still dwelt 
in his native valley, and was now a man of middle age. He never 
stepped aside from his own path, yet would always reach a blessing 
to his neighbor. 

28. Find or write two sentences in which adverbs 
modify verbs ; two in which adverbs modify adverbs ; 
two in which adverbs modify adjectives. 

X. PREPOSITIONS 

29. To the teacher : Put a book on the table, a chair % 
the table, and a basket tinder the table. 

To the pupil : What is the relation between the book 
and the table? between the chair and the table? between 
the basket and the table? 

Read : — 

The book on the table is Mary's. 

The chair by the table is our teacher's. 

The basket under the table holds paper. 

What word shows the relation between table and book? 
between table and chair F between table and basket? The 
words on, bt/, and under are called prepositions. 

A preposition is placed before a noun to show the rela- 
tion between the noun and some other word. 

30. Pick out the prepositions in the following sentences 
and tell what words the prepositions show relation be- 
tween: — 

^ 1. The hat on the rack is my father's. 
2. The boy at the door is my brother. 



PREPOSITIONS 15 

3. The bird in the cage is my sister's., 

4. The tree by the well is an oak. 

5. The dog under the steps is mine. 

Note that in the above sentences the prepositions show 
relation between nou7i and noun. ^ 

31. Read: — 

The cow jumped over the moon. 

The hen sits on the nest. 

The hoop rolled down the Mil. 

Pick out the prepositions. Between what words do 
they show relation? Note that the prepositions show 
relation between noun and verb. 

32. Read: — 

1. The mother is good to her child. 

2. My brother is kind to animals. 

3. This climate is Jine for invalids. 

1. to shows relation between child and good. 

2. to shows relation between animals and kind. 

3. for shows relation between invalids aiid^ne. 

Note that in these sentences the prepositions show 
relation between noun and adjective. 

33. Pick out the prepositions in the following sen- 
tences and t6ll, in each case, what two words the prepo- 
sition shows the relation between : — 

1. The boy was struck on the head. 

2. The man in the moon came down. 

3. The boy at the foot of the class does not study. 

4. He jumped into the river and swam to the opposite shore. 

5. The boy coughed so hard that he became red in the face. 



16 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 



34. Compare : — • 

I 

The book was brought to my 
desk. 

The dog ran to his master. 
James bowed to the teacliei\ 



II 

The book was brought to mec 

The dog ran to me. 
James bowed to tjou. 



What have you learned to call words like desk., master.^ 
teacher.^ as found in column I? 

What have you learned to call words like me^ you.^ as 
found in column II ? 

A preposition is used before a noun or a pronoun to 
show the relation between the noun or pronoun and some 
other word. 

35. Pick out the prepositions in the following sen- 
tences, and tell, in each case, what words the preposition 
shows the relation between : — 

1. Two legs sat upon three legs. 

2. I am sorry for him. 

3. I went to Taffy's house, 

Taffy was in bed ; 
I took the marrow bone 
And beat about his head. 

4. If you will come w^ith me, I will show you the house that be- 
longs to us. 

5. iSing a song of sixpence, 

A pocket full of rye ; 
Four and twenty blackbirds, 
Baked in a pie. 

36. Find five sentences that contain prepositions 
Draw a line under each preposition. 



CONJUNCTIONS 17 

XI. CONJUNCTIONS 



37. Compare : — 

I 
David and Jonathan were 
friends. 

David was young hut brave. 

We must fight or surrender. 



II 

David loved Jonathan, and 
Jonathan loved David. 

David was young, hut he was 
brave. 

We must fight, or we must sur- 
render. 



For what Durpose are the words in italics in both col- 
umns used ? 

In column I what words are joined by and? by hut? 
hj or? 

In column II what groups of words are joined by and? 
by lutf by or? 

A word used to join words, or groups of words, is called 
a conjunction. 

38. Pick out the conjunctions in the following sen- 
tences and tell what words or groups of words are joined 

- by each : — 

1. We must wait until our father comes. 

2. John came into the house because it began to rain. 

3. I will trust him though he slay me. 

4. The child was hungry and sleepy. 

5. You will get the prize if you deserve it. 

6. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy, 

7. The bells ring at sunrise and at sunset. 

8. He is lazy, therefore he will not succeed. 

9. The dog ran through the yard and under the house.. 
10. The house is small but comfortable. 

39. Find five sentences that contain conjunctions. 
Draw a line under each conjunctiouc 



18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

XII. INTERJECTIONS 

40. Read: — 

Hurrah ! the game is ours. 
Alas! what will become of us? 
Oil, that my father were here. 
Ah ! here comes my brother. 

For what purpose are the words in italics used ? 
A word that expresses sudden or strong feeling is called 
an interjection. 

41. Pick out the interjections in the following sen* 
tences : — 

1. Hush! the baby is asleep. 

2. Baa, baa, black sheep, 

Have you any wool ? 

3. Tut, tut, that is nonsense. 

4. He said, " Alas, my daughter, thou hast brought me very low." 

5. And the dove came to him in the evening; and lo, in her 
mouth was an olive leaf. 

Other parts of speech may be used as interjections : — 

Goodness ! how he run s. 

Nonsense I I do not believe a word of it. 

XIII. REVIEW 

42. We have learned now the grammatical name of 
every kind of word that is used in English speech : — 

1. Noun. 5. Adverb. 

2. Adjective. 6. Preposition. 

3. Pronoun. 7. Conjunction. 

4. Verb. 8. Interjection. 



REVIEW 19 

These nouns^ adjectives^ pronouns^ etc., are called parts 
of speech, 

A noun is the name of something. 

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. 

A pronoun is a word that stands for a nouni 

A verb is a word tliat tells something about a person or 
thing. 

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, or an adjec- 
tive, or an adverb. 

A preposition is a word that shows the relation between 
a noun or a pronoun and some other word. 

A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of 
words. 

An interjection is a word that expresses sudden or strong 
feeling. 

43. Name the parts of speech that modify other parts 
of speecli. 

What part of speech is each word in the following 
sentence ? - 

He worked diligently, but, alas, with poor results. 

What part of speech is each word in italics in the fol- 
lowing sentences ? 

1. John has a good head. 

2. He is the head boy in the class. 

3. Mary lights the lamps every night. 

4. Put out the lights. 

5. You must stay till I come. 

6. Farmers till the ground. 

7. This soil is not good for potatoes. 

8. Don't soil your clothes. 

9. John fell over trying to catch the ball that went over his head. 



20 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOB BEGINNEBS 

10. The merchant ships his goods to distant ports. 

11. The goods are carried in large ships. 

Write a sentence containing an adverb modifying an 
adverh. 

Write a sentence containing a preposition that shows 
the relation between a noun and a verh. 

Write a sentence containing a preposition that shows 
the relation between ?i pronoun and a verh. 

Use each of the following words first as noun and then 
as verh : — 

bear fight sleep 

bite fly swing 

cut run stand 



PART II 

The object of Part II is to show the different forms of 
the parts of speech, 

XIV. NUMBER — NOUNS 

44o Compare : — 



The boy had in his pocket a 
top, a nail, and. d^ pencil. 

top 

nail 

pencil 



' II 

The boy had in his pocket tops, 
nails, Siiid pencils. 

to-ps 
nails 
pencils 



In column I does each word in italics mean one thing 
or more than one ? 

In column II does each word in italics mean one thing 
or more than one ? 

How do the words in italics in column II differ in 
form from those in column I ? 

In grammar the words in italics in column I are said 
to be in the singular number, and those in column II are 
said to be in the plural number. 

The singular number shows that one thing is spoken of. 

The plural number shows that two or more things are 
spoken of. 

21 • 



22 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



45. In the following list pick out the words in the sin- 
gular number and those in the plural number : — 



cats 
dog 



girls 
head 



pens 
book 



One way, then, of making the plural is to add -s to the 
singular. 



46. Compare: — 

I 

A fox is cunning. 

A match is a useful article. 



fox 
match 



II 

Foxes are cunning. 
Matches are useful. 

ioxes 
matches 



How is the plural made in these words ? By adding 
what to the singular ? 

47. Write and pronounce the plural of the following 
words: — 



hat 


ice 


bush 


horse 


hoe 


fish 


topaz 


prize 


church 


bridge 


post 


box 



XV. NUMBER — Continued 



48. Compare: — 

I 

A hoi/ is in the yard. 
A turkey is in the coop. 



boy 
turkey 



II 

Several hoys are in the yard. 
Several turkeys are in the coop. 

boy. 9 
turkeys 



NUMBEB 



23 



If a noun ends in -y preceded by a vowel, ^ it forms the 
plural by adding -s. 



49. Compare: — 

I 

A Jly is in the room. 
A pony is in the yard. 



fly 

pony 



II ' 

"Mdiiij flies are in the kitchen. 
There are three ponies in the 
stable. 

fi^ies 
ponies 



If a noun ends in -y preceded by a consonant, it forms 
its plural by changing -y to -i and adding -es. 



50. Write and pronounce 


the 


plural' of the following 


words : — 










key 


gallery 






day 


baby 


chimney 






daisy 


essay 


pulley 






lady 


reply 


puppy 






donkey 


toy 


monkey 






valley 


jelly ^ 


bay 






journey 


spy 


penny 






body 


fairy 


mystery 






city 


51. Compare: — 










I 










11 


He looked down upon the 


roof 


He looked down upon the roofs 


of the house. 




of the houses. 




This cuff is not marked. 




These 


cuffs 


are not marked. 


Some words that end 


in -/ form 


the 


plural by adding -s. 



1 Let the teacher see that the pupil knows the meaning of vowel and 
consonanL 



24 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



52. Compare: — 




I 


II 


This calfh young. 


These calves are young. 


The loaf of bread is on the 


The loaves of bread are in the 


table. 


pantry. 


calf 


csdves 


loaf 


losives 



Some words that end in -f change the/ to v and add -es. 
The pupil can usually tell when to change the /to v by 
the sound of the plural. 



53. Compare: — 



This piano is new. 
This banjo is broken. 



II 

These pianos are new. 
These hanjos are broken. 



Some words that end in -o form the plural by adding -s. 



54. Compare : — 

I 

This tomato is ripe. 
This potato is good. 



IT 

These tomatoes are ripe. 
These potatoes are good. 



Some words that end in -o form the plural by adding 



-es. 



XVI. NUMBER — Continued 

55. Compare: — 
I 



This man lives in the country. 
The cat caught a mouse. 



II 

These men live in the country. 
Cats catch mice. 



NUMBER 25 

A few nouns form the plural by changing the vowel: — 

Singular Plural 

man men 

mouse mzce 

louse Kce , 

foot feet 

tooth teeth 

goose geese 

56. The plural of some nouns ends in -en^ as: — ^ 

Singular Plural 

ox ox.en 

child children 

brother brethreri 

57. Some nouns have the same form, for singular and 
plural, as : — 

Singular Plural 

deer ^ deer 

sheep sheep 

58. Some nouns have a plural form only, as : — 

ashes scissors 

tougs victuals 

59. The nouns news^ gallows^ mathematics^ and a few 
others me plural in form but singular in meaning: — 

This news is old. 

This mathematics is hard. 



60. Compare: — 
I 

One son-in-law lives here. 
My only ox-cart is broken. 

son-in-law 
ox-cart 



II 

Two sons-in-law live here. 
All his ox-carts are broken* 

son.<?-in-law 
ox-carts 



26 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



When the noun is a compound word (that is, made up 
of two or more words), the plural sign is added to the 
most important word. 

Look up the word in a good dictionary when you are in 
doubt about the form of the plural. 

61. Write and pronounce the plural of the following 
words : — 



hoof 


blackbird 


knife 


father-in-law 


stepson 


monkey 


echo 


zero 


eye 


woman 


body 


lily 



XVII. NUMBER — PRONOUNS 



62. Compare : — 

I 

/ am going to town. 

You must hold your hat on, 
John, when you cross the street. 

He has his hat full of hickory 
nuts. 

She has her bonnet full of 
flowers. 

It is a good pencil.^ 



II 

We are going to town. 

You must hold your hats on, 
boys, when you cross the street. 

They have their hats full of 
hickory nuts. 

They have their bonnets full of 
flowers. 

They are good pencils. 



What part of speech are the words in italics in col- 
umn I? In what number is each? 

What part of speech are the words in italics in col- 
umn II? In what number is each? 



1 Show the pupil one pencil, and let him see that the pronoun it refers 
to one pencil ; then show him two or more and ask him what pronoun 
would be used to refer to them. Devise schemes of this kind to illustrate 
the number of the pronouns. 



NUMBEE 



VERBS 



27 



63. In the following sentences change the pronouns in 
italics from singular to plural, and change the remainder 
of the sentence, if necessary, to correspond with the change 
of the pronoun : — 

1. He was taking the horse to water. ' 

2. / like my new hat. 

3. This is a good bat, but it is too short for me. 

4. You can put your hat on now. 

5. She came too late. 

64. Suggest suitable pronouns for the following sen- 
tences : — 

1. David was young, but was brave. 

2. This is a new hat, but is not pretty. 

3. Girls, must come into the house. 

4. The girls came in when were called. 

5. The horses ran away while was driving them. 

XVIII. NUMBER — VERBS 

65. Compare : — 

I am twelve years old. 
The child is in the yard. 
The boy has spent his money. 



The train runs fast. 

I am 

child is 

boy has spent 

train runs 



We are the same age. 
The children are in the yard. 
The boys have spent their 
money. 

The trains run fast. 



we are 
children are 
boys have spent 
trains rwn 



What part of speech are the words in italics in col- 
umn I ? How many persons or things are spoken of in 
each sentence? In what number are the verbs? 

In column II how many persons or things are spoken of 
in each sentence ? In what number are the verbs ? 



28 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

When only one person or thing is spoken of, the verb is 
in the singular number. 

When two or more persons or things are spoken of, the 
verb is in the ^:)Z2^ra/ number. 

66. Pick ont the verbs in the following sentences and 
tell the number of each : — 

1. Great talkers are little doers. 

2. My dolly is a dreadful care, 
Her name is Miss Amandy. 

3. A gingerbread dog prowls below. 

4. There the gum-drops grow like cherries. 

5. Father calls me William, sister calls me Will, 
Mother calls me Willie, but the fellers call me BilL 

6. I looked in the brook and saw a face. 

7. Little Miss Brag has much to say. 

8. Dolly's blue china eyes have dropped out. 

9. The gingham dog went '' bow-wow-wow," 
And the calico cat replied " mee-ow " ; 
The air was littered an hour or so 

With bits of gingham and calico. 

XIX. GENDER — NOHNS 

67. Compare : — 



That man is vnj father. 
That hoy is my brother. 
My uncle is not here. 



n 

This woman is my mother. 
This girl is my sister. 
My aunt has just come. 



man 
father 


ivoman 
mother 


hoy 


girl 


brother 


sister 


uncle 


aunt 



GEN BEE — NOUNS 29 

Are the nouns in italics in column I the names of male 
or female beings? 

Are the nouns in italics in column II the names of male 
or female beings ? 

Nouns that are the names of male beings ai;e said to be 
of the masculine gender. 

Nouns that are the names of female beings are said to 
be of the feminine gender. 



68. Compare : — 




I 


II 


Joe Jefferson was a good actor. 


Mrs. Siddons was a good ac- 




tress. 


Our host is a large man. 


Our hostess is a small woman. 


A lion was in the path. 


A lioness will fight for her cubs. 


actor 


Sictvess 


host 


hostess 


lion 


lion €55 



In column I what is the gender of the nouns in italics? 
In column II what is the gender of the nouns in italics? 
How do the feminine forms differ from the masculine 
forms? 

69. Read : — 

' A little child shall lead them. 
A good pupil makes a glad teacher. 
The augry beast sprang upon the man. 

The words child^ pupil.^ beast^ may be either masculine 
or feminine. 

A noun that is the name of a being that may be either 
male or female is said to be of common gender. 



30 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



70. Compare : • 



That hoy is my brother. 
That giii is my sister. 
The king is dead. 



II 

The grass is green. 
The tree has fallen. 
The rose is beautiful. 



Tell the gender of each noun in italics in column I. 

The words in italics in column II are the names of 
things without life, and are, therefore, neither masculine 
nor feminine in gender ; such nouns are said to be of the 
neuter gender. What does the word neuter mean? 

Nouns that are the names of things without life are 
said to be of the neuter gender. 

71. Tell the gender of the following nouns : — 



coat 


widow 


lad 


mare 


bull 


ship 


author 


man-servant 


tigress 


lady 


king 


buck 


cousin 


nephew 


maid 


lass 


book 


duke 


nun 


stag 


hen 


friend 


teacher 


monk 


hero 


niece 


heroine 


parent 



XX. GENDER — PRONOUNS 

72. Read: — 

This hoy will succeed, because lie works hard. 

This girl will succeed, because she works hard. 

Thi^ plant will grow, because it is watered every day. 

Tell the gender of the noun in italics in sentence 1. 
The pronoun he is of the masculine gender because it 
refers to a masculine noun. 

Tell the gender of the noun in italics in sentence 2. 



GENDER — PR ONO UNS 31 

The pronoun sJie is of the feminine gender because it 
refers to a feminine noun. 

Tell the gender of the noun in italics in sentence 3. 
The pronoun it is of the neuter gender because it refers 
to a neuter noun. ^ 

73. Read: — 

These boys will succeed, because they work hard. 
These girls will succeed, because they work hard. 
These plants will grow, because they are watered every day. 

Of what gender is they in each sentence? Why? 

74. Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences, 
and tell the gender of each : — 

1. The house is pretty, but it is too small. 

2. My sister has a new hat, but she does not like it. 

3. These boys came before they were called. 

4. William left as soon as he had eaten his dinner. - ' 

5. This is a good pencil, but it is a little too hard. 

6. Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. . 

7. The girls said that they were not invited. 

8. A little boy, tired out with play, lay down and fell sound asleep 
close to the edge of a deep well. Fortune came by, and gently wak- 
ing him, said, ^' My dear Boy, believe me, I have saved your life. If 
you had fallen in, everybody would have laid the blame on me ; but 
tell me truly now, would the fault have been yours or mine ? " 

9. A grasshoj^per that had sung merrily all the summer was 
almost perishing with hunger in the winter. So she went to some 
ants that lived near and asked them to lend her a little of the food 
they had put by. " You shall certainly be paid before this time next 
year," said she. ^' What did you do all the summer ? " asked they. 
"Why, all day long, and all night long, too, I sang, if you please," 
answered the grasshopper. " Oh, you sang, did you ? " said the ants. 
" Now, then, you can dance." 



32 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



XXL NOUNS — PROPER AND COMMON 



75. Compare : — 
I 

A queen ought to love her peo- 
ple. 

It is a great pleasure to live in 
a citi/, 

queen 
city 



II 

Victoria loved her people. 

It is a great pleasure to live in 
Baltimore. 

Victoria 
Baltimore 



What part of speech are the words in italics in both col- 
umns? 

In which column is each noun the name of a particular 
person or thing? 

A noun that is the name of a particular person or thing 
is called a proper noun. 

Look again at tlie nouns in italics in column I. 

Is queen the name of a particular person? 

A noun like queen is called a common noun because it is 
a name owned in common by a number of things of the 
same kind. 

Illustration. — Suppose five boys are standing to- 
gether. Each one may be spoken of as a boy. The name 
boy may be applied to each individual of the group. The 
group of individuals owns in common the name boy. For 
that reason the noun boy is called a commo7i noun. 

In addition to this common name, each of tlie individ- 
uals has his own particular name, a name that sets him off 
from the other individuals of the group, as John, William, 
Lewis, Henry, or James. These particular names are 
called proper nouns. 



COLLECTIVE NOUNS 



38 



76. In the following sentences pick out the proper nouns 
and the common nouns : — 

]^OTE. — A proper noun begins with a capital letter. 

1. John Smith landed at Jamestown. 

2. The dog is a good friend to man. ^ 

3. Richard Henry Lee said of Washington that he was first in 
war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens. 

4. Shakespeare, a poet who lived in London, wrote many fine plays. 



XXII. COLLECTIVE NOUNS 
77. Compare: — 



Our ship was captured by the 



enemy. 

One sailo)^ was killed. 



ship 
sailor 



II 

OuYjleet w^as destroyed. 

The whole crew w^as captured, 
feet 



How many persons or things are meant by each noun 
in italics in column I. In what number is each noun? 

How many persons or things are meant by each noun in 
italics in column II. In what number is each noun? 

A noun that in the singular number refers to a collec- 
tion of persons or things is called a collective noun. 



78. Compare : — 

r 

Onr fleet was disabled. 



The whole C7^ew was captured. 



II 



The fleets of both armies were 
disabled. 

The crew's of two vessels were 
captured. 

Tell the number of each noun in italics in column I. 
Tell the number of each noun in italics in column II. 



34 



ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOB BEGIN NEBS 



79. In the following sentences pick out the collective 
nouns, and tell the number (singular or plural) of each : — 

1. The jury returned a verdict of guilty. 

2. Each shepherd is with his flock. 

3. The Jewish nation was made up of twelve tribes. 

4. John fired into a covey of j^artridges. 

5. Every soldier in the company was either killed or wounded. 

6. Seeing the multitudes, he went up into the mountain. 

7. Bands of robbers were hurrying along the road. 

Write five sentences containing collective nouns. 



XXIII. ABSTRACT NOUNS 

80. Compare : — 

I II 

A child is usually happy. 



This ivood is hard. 



The trip made him sick. 



Cliildliood is a happy period 
of life. 

(^Childhood expresses a state 
or conditio?!.} 

The hairiness of this wood 
makes it valuable. 

(hairiness expresses a quality.) 

The motion of the vessel made 
him sick. 

(motion expresses action.) 



What kind of nouns are those in italics in column I ? 

In column II the nouns in italics are called abstract 
nouns. 

An abstract noun is the name of a state or condition^ or 
a quality^ or an action, 

XoTE. — It may help the pupil to know that the things named by 
abstract nouns cannot usually be perceived by the senses, — cannot be 
felt, seen, touched, etc. 



ABSTRACT NOUNS 



35 



81. Read: — 

Common Nouns 

man 
martyr 
hero 
slave 



Abstract Nouns 

manhood 
martyrdom 
heroism. ^ 
- slavery 



Adjectives 

good 
honest 
bold 
true 



Abstract Nouns 

goodness 
honesty 
boldness 
truth 



Verbs 

move 
choose 
read 
please 



Abstract Nouns 

mo,tion 
choice 
reading 
pleasure 



82. Pick out the abstract nouns ^ in the following sen- 
tences : — 

1. That honesty is the best policy is an old saying. 

2. Truth, crushed to earth, will rise again, 

The eternal years of God are hers ; 
But error, wounded, writhes in pain, 
And dies among her worshipers. 

3. Keading maketh a full man. 

4. Have patience, sweet friends. 

5. Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set. ' 

6. Distance lends enchantment to the view. 



1 It is sufficient to enable the pupil to recognize as abstract nouns those 
that arp clearly abstracts. It is not worth while to spend much time on 
the difficult cases. 



86 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOB BEGINNEBS 



XXIV. EXERCISE 

83. Pick out the nouns in the following sentences and 
tell of each : — 

1. Kind of noun. 2. Number. 3. Gender. 

1. Doctor Faustus was a good man, 

He whipped his scholars now and then ; 
When he whij^ped them, he made them dance 

Out of Scotland into France, 

Out of France into Spain, 
And then he whipped them back again. 

2. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, 
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. 
The plowman homeward plods his weary way^ 
And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 

3. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 
And all the air a solemn stillness holds. 

Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, 
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds. 

4. We left Salamanca, and having arrived at the bridge, my mas- 
ter directed my attention to an animal carved in stone in the form of 
a bull, and desh-ed me to take him near it. When I had placed him 
close to it, he said : '' Lazaro, if you will put your ear close to this bull, 
you will hear an extraordinary noise within." In the simplicity of 
my heart, believing it to be as he said, I put my ear to the stone, when 
the old man gave my head such a violent thump against it that I was 
almost bereft of. sense, and for three days after I did not lose the pain 
I suffered from the blow. 

XXV» TRANSITIVE VERBS 

84. Read: — 

David killed the giant. 

This sentence tells of a deed that was done, an action 
that was performed by David, 



TEANSITIVE VEBBS 



It also tells what received the action of the verb. 

What word expresses the action ? What word names 
the object that receives the action ? 

The word giant is called the object of the verb killed. 
' A verb that expresses action that passes over to an 
object Avhich receives the action is called a transitive verb. 

Look up the meaning of the word transitive. 



85. Compare : — 
I 

The tar baby sat in the road. 



The fox laughed. 



II 



Brer Eabbit struck the tar 
baby. 

The fox threw Brer Rabbit 
into the brier patch. 

In which column are the verbs transitive verbs ? 
Tell the object of each transitive verb. 



86. Compare: — 
I 



The bell rang before 
reached the schoolhouse. 
John ran to school. 



II 



The teacher rang the bell too 
soon. 

John ran the chickens out of 
the yard. 

Note that the same verbs are found in each column. 
In which column are the verbs trayisitive verbs ? 
Tell the object of each transitive verb, 

87. In the following sentences pick out the transitive 
verbs and tell the object of each: — 

1. The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown 
■ The lion beat the unicorn round about the town. 

2. As I went to Bonner 

I met a pig with a wig, 
Upon my word and honor. 



38 ENGLISH GRAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

3. So Donald took his new velocipede and went out to ride up and 
down the stone pavement and notch the shins of innocent people as 
they passed by, while Paul spun his musical top on the front steps. 

4. Up the chimney the fire roared, and brightened the room with 
its broad blaze. 

5. The years brought white hairs. 

6. He uttered truths that molded the lives of others. 

7. And then the speakers gave a great shout, which communicated 
electricity to the crowd. 

88. Find five sentences containing transitive verbs. 
XXVI. TENSE 



89. Compare: — 

I 

My mother is in the house 
now. 

The snow falls in great flakes. 



II 

My brother ivas at home yes- 
terday. 

The snow fell all day yester- 
day. 
My sister lives in the country. She lived in town last year. 

In column I what time, present or past, is expressed by 
the verbs? 

In column II what time is expressed by the verbs? 

A verb that expresses present time is said to be in the 
present tense. 

A verb that expresses past time is said to be in the past 
tense. 

90. Supply suitable verbs in the following sentences, 
and tell the tense of each verb that you supply: — 

1. My brother his kite yesterday. 

2. My father to town every day. 

3. My father me with him when he goes to town. 

4. Jefferson tlie Declaration of Independence. 

5. Washington the first President. 



91. Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and 
tell the te7ise of each : — 

1. Then Mrs. Bird stepped into her carriage and took the ten books 
to the Children's Hospital, and brought back ten others. 

2. I think it is a charming name, dear heart, and ^it sounds just 
like you. 

3. I am the sick little girl who lives next door to the church. 

4. Jack and Jill went up the hill 

To fetch a pail of water ; 
Jack fell down and broke his crown, 
And Jill came tumbling after. 

5. Ernest never forgot the story that his mother told him. 



92. Compare ; 



I 

I went to Baltimore last winter. 

My father came home last 
week. 



II 

I shall go to J^ew York next 
winter. 

My brother will come home 
next week. 



In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 

In column II what time is expressed by the verbs ? 

When a verb e^Kupresses future time^ it is said to be in the 
future tense. 

Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and tell 
the tense of each : — 

1. The sun sets in the west. 

2. The little dog laughed to see such sport and the dish ran away 
with the spoon. 

3. I have a new hat. 

4. Jack sold his mother's cow. 

5. Our father will tell us a story. 

6. A lion sprang out of a thicket. 

7. We shall have snow. 

8. The little birds will come to our window for food. 

9. We saw him yesterday, but I feel that we shall see him no more. 



40 ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 



XXVII. SUBJECT NOUN AND PREDICATE 

VERB 
93. Read: — 



Pharaoh's daugliter 

The army of Pharaoh 

We 



found the infant Moses. 
was droiuned in the Ked Sea. 
must go home now. 



Pick out the subject and the predicate in each of the 
above sentences. 

In the subject of the first sentence what is the most 
important word, the word that tells Avhat something is 
said about ? 

In the predicate of the first sentence what is the verb ? 

Tell the same thing of the second sentence and the 
third. 

The most important word in a subject, the word that 
tells what something is said about, is called the subject 
noun. 

Note. — If the word is a pronoun, it is called subject pronoun. 

The verb in the predicate is called the predicate verb. 

94. Pick out the subject noun (or pronoun), and the 
predicate verh^ in each of the following sentences : — 

1. The brave soldier died upon the field of battle. 

2. The parents of my father lived in the country. 

3. The young David killed the giant Goliath. 

4. The brethren of Joseph sold him to strangers. 

5. The pupils of the fourth grade have just come into the room. 

6. He of all others should not say that. 

7. The children of the village loved Rip. 

8. Your sorrow shall be turned into gladness, 

9. The horse was frightened by the bells. 
10. A faint cry fell upon his ear. 



CASE 41 

11. The small birds were taking their farewell banquets. 

12. A small brook crossed the road about two hundred yards 
from the tree. 

95. Find ten sentences. Draw a line under the subject 
noun (or pronoun) and the predicate verb, ' 



XXVIII. CASE — NOUNS 



96. Compare : — 
I 

The man struck the dog. 
The girl milked the cow. 



II 

The dog bit the man. 
The cow kicked the girl. 



In which column is the noun man the subject of the 
verb ? 

Note. — For brevity the word subject and predicate will be used 
ioT subject nou7i Siiid predicate verb. 

In which column is the noun man the object of the verb ? 

A noun that is the subject of a verb is said to be in the 
nominative case. 

A noun that is the object of a verb is said to be in the 
objective case. 

J^OTE. — A noun has the same form in the objective case that it 
has in the nominative case. 

97. Compare : — 

1 11 

The man struck the dog. The dog bit the man's hand. 

In what case is the noun 7nan in column' I ? 
Look at the form of the word man's in column II. 
The word ma7i's shows possession ; shows that the man 
owns or possesses the hand. 



42 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

The form of the noun that marks possession is called the 
possessive case. The possessive case, singular, is made by 
adding 's (apostrophe and s): man's. 

The man struck the dog. N"ominative case : man. 
The dog bit the 7nan's hand. Possessive case : man's. 
The dog bit the man. Objective case : 7nan. 

In what number are the nouns man^ man's^ man ? 



98. Compare : — 

I 
The men struck the dogs. 



II 

The dogs bit the men. 



In column I in what number and case is the noun men? 
In column II in what number and case is the noun 7nen ? 

99. Read: — 

The dogs bit the men's hands. 

In what number and case is the noun men's ? 

The men struck the dogs. iSTominative case : men. 
The dogs bit the mens hands. Possessive case : men's. 
The dogs bit the men. Objective case : men. 



XXIX. DECLENSION OF THE NOUN 

When we name, in order, the number and the cases of 
a noun, we are said to give the declension of the noun, or 
to decline the noun. 

The noun man is declined as follows : — 

Singular Plural 



Nominative case man. 
Possessive case man''s. 
Objective case man. 



Nominative case inen. 
Possessive case men's. 
Objective case men. 



DECLENSION OF THE NOUN 43 

100. Pick out the nouns in the following sentences and 
tell — 

1. Kind of noun. 2. Number. 3. Case. 

Note. — After telling the case, always tell why the noun is in that 
case. 

Example : — 

The dog bit the man's hand. 

Dog is a common noun, singular number, nominative 
case, subject of verb hit, 

Man 8 is a common noun, singular number, possessive 
case, modifies the noun hand. 

Hand is a common noun, singular number, objective 
case, object of the verb hit, 

1. Good children love their parents I 

2. Cain killed his brother. 

3. The dog knows his master's voice. 

4. The American colonies won their independence. 

5. Our army captured the enemy's flags. 

6. A soft answer turneth away wrath. 

101. Compare : — 

i II 

The hoys' hands are cold. The men's hands are cold. 
hoys' men's 

Tell the number and case of the noun in italics in col- 
umn 1. 

Tell the number and case of the noun in italics in col- 
umn 11. 

Note the difference in form : hoys\ men^s. 

If the plural of a noun ends in s (hoys^,, the possessive 
plural is formed by adding the apostrophe only — boys'. 
Examples : — 

heroes' , ladies' ponies' 



44 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

If the plural of a noun does not end in s Qmen)^ the pos- 
sessive plural is formed by adding the apostrophe and s 
('§). Examples : — 

men's women's children's 

oxen's sons-in-law's geese's 

The sign of possession always comes at the end of a word.^ 

102. Write the declension of — 

boy ox lady 

child horse son-in-law ^ 

XXX. NUMBER AND CASE — PRONOUNS 

103. Compare : — 



II 

My father loves me. 
Your father loves you. 
His father loves liim. 
Her father loves her. 
Its father loves it. 



I 

I love my father. 
You love your father. 
He loves his father. 
She loves her father. 
It (the little child) loves its 
father. 

Tell the number and case of the pronouns in italics in 
column I. 

Tell the number and case of the pronouns in italics in 
column II. 

104. Read: — 

I love my father. 
You love your father. 
He loves his father. 
She loves her father. 
It loves its father. 

In what case are the pronouns in italics? What does 

each modify ? 

1 Let the pupil use the words in sentences ; he will find that the sound 
helps him to form the possessive correctly. 

2 Give the pupil a great deal of practice ni the declension of nouns. 



SINGULAR FORMS OF THE PRONOUN 45 



XXXI. SINGULAR FORMS OF THE PRONOUN 

105. The following are the singular forms of the pro- 
noun : — ■ 



Nom, I. Norn. you. 


Nom 


.he. 




Nom. she. 


Nom. 


it. 


Poss. my. Poss. your. 


Poss 


. his. 




Poss. her. 


Poss. 


its 


Obj. me. ObJ. you. 


Obj, 


him. 




ObJ. her. 


Obj, 


it. 


106. Compare : — 














I 








II 






This is my book. 






Th 


is book is mi7ie. 






This is her hat. 






This hat is hers. 






This is your glove. 






Th 


is glove is yours: 





Tell the number and case of the pronouns in italics in 
column I. 

In column II the pronoun mine is singular number, 
possessive case, equivalent to my hook'; hers is singular 
number, possessive case, equivalent to her hat ; yours is 
singular number, possessive case, equivalent to your glove. 

XXXII. PLURAL FORMS OF THE PRONOUN 

In the following sentences supply the corresponding 
plural forms: — 



I love my father. 
You love your father. 
He loves his father. 
She loves her father. 
It loves its father. 



< love our .fathers. 

love your fathers. 

love their fathers. 

love their fathers. 

love their fathers. 



What is the plural of I? you? he? she? it? 



46 ENGLISH GRAMMAB FOB BEGIN NEBS 

107. Read: — 

Our fathers love us. 
Your fathers love you. 
Their fathers love them. 

In what case and number is our? your? their? 
In what case and number is us? you? them? 

108. The following are the plural forms of the pro- 
noun : — 

Nom. they. 
Poss. their. 
Ohj. them. 

Note that you^ your., you have the same form in the 
plural number that they have in the singular number. 

109. Compare : — 



Nom. we. 


Nom. you. 


Poss. our. 


Poss. your. 


Ohj. us. 


Ohj. you. 



I 

These are our books. 
These are your books. 
These are their books. 



II 

These books are ours. 
These books are yours. 
These books are theirs. 



Tell the number and case of the pronouns in italics in 
column I. 

In column II ours is in the possessive case, plural num- 
ber, equivalent to our hooks ; yours is in the possessive case, 
plural number, equivalent to your hooks ; theirs is in the 
possessive case, plural number, equivalent to their hooks. 

110. Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences 
and tell the number and case of each : — 

1. I don't think that he ought to go. 

2. This book is mine ; where is yours? 

3. Having lost their way, the children came in after dark. We 
did not scold them. 

4. You must use your book, John ; I need mine. 

5. You must hold your hats, boys. 



PERSON OF PRONOUNS 47 

6. You 1 are too late, William. 

7. They took our hats and we took theirs. 

8. The bird has broken its wing ; I am afraid that it will die. 

9o Suppose, my little lady, 

Your doll should break its head, \ 
Could you make it^ whole by crying 
Till your eyes and nose are red ? 



XXXIII. PERSON OF PRONOUNS 

111. Look over the sentences in section 110 and make 
three lists. 

In list I put all the pronouns that denote the person 
speaking (the speaker). 

In list II put all the pronouns that denote the person 
spoken to. 

In list III put all the pronouns that denote the person 
or thing spoken of.^ 

A pronoun that shows by its form the person speaking, 
or the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken 
of, is called a personal pronoun. 

A personal pronoun that denotes the person speaking 
is said to be of the first person. 

A personal pronoun that denotes the person spoken to 
is said to be of the second person. 

A personal pronoun that denotes the person or thing 
spoken of is said to be of the third person. 



1 When you refers to one person, it is singular, but it is used with a 
plural verb. 

2 It is the object of could make. 

3 The pupil will need help in this. 



48 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



112. Compare : — 
I 

You are my friend. 

Take up your basket. 
Your friend will help you. 



II 





And Nathan said to David, 




thou art the man. 




Take up thy bed and walk. 




The Lord bless thee and keep 




thee. 


you 


thou 


your 


thy 


you 


thee 



Tell the person, number, and case of the pronouns in 
italics in column I. 

Tell the person, number, and case of the pronouns in 
italics in column 11. 

This means that the pronoun of the second person has 
two forms for each case, — a neiv form (col. I), and an 
old form (col. II). 

XoTE. — The old form is found in the Bible and in poetry, 

113. Compare : — 



I 

You are good men. 



II 

Ye are the salt of the earth. 



Tell the person, number, and case of the pronoun in 
italics in column I. 

Tell the person, number, and case of the pronoun in 
italics in column II. 

Which is the old form ? 

XXXIV. DECLENSION OF PERSONAL 
PRONOUNS 

114. We can now write the full declension of the per- 
sonal pronouns : — 



DECLENSION OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS 



49 



First person: — 

Singular 
Norn. I. 

Pass, my or mine. 
Obj. me. 

Second person — new form : — 

Singular 
Nom. you. 

Poss. your or yours. 
Obj. you. 

Second person — old form : — 

Singular 
Nom. thou. 
Poss. thy or thine. 
Obj. thee. 



Plural 

Nom. we. 

Poss. our or ours. 

Obj. us. 



Plural 

Nom. you. 

Poss. your or yours. 

Obj. you. 



Plural 

No7n. ye. 

Poss. your or yours. 

O&y. you. 



Third person — masculine gender : — 

Singular Plural 

Nom. he. Nom. they. 



Poss. his. 


Poss. their or theirs. 


Obj. him. 


Obj. them. 


Third person — feminine gender 


: — 


Singular 


Plural 


Nom. she. 


Nom. they. 


Poss. her or hers. 


Po55. their or theirs. 


Obj. her. 


Obj. them. 


Third person — neuter gender : - 


— 


Singular 


Plural 


Nom. it. 


Nom. they. 


Poss. its. 


Poss. their or theirs. 


o?>y. it. 


Obj. them. 



I 


his 


your 


her 


we 


thee 


them 


its 


she 



50 ENGLISH GBAMMAE FOR BEGINNERS 

115. For quick answers : ^ — 

Tell the person, number, and case of the following 
pronouns : — 

he my thou their hers 

me thine 

your it 

ye us 

116. Write sentences containing the following forms of 
the personal pronouns : — 

First person, singular number, objective case. 

Third person, masculine, plural number, nominative 
case. 

Second person (new form), singular number, nominative 
case, etc. 

117. In the following sentences pick out the personal 
pronouns, and tell (1) person, (2) number, (3) case 
(give reason for case) : — 

1. He gave me, accordingly, three great puffy rolls. I was sur- 
prised at the quantity, but took it, and having no room in my 
pockets, walked off with a roll under each arm, and eating the other. 
Thus I went up Market Street, passing by the door of Mr. Keid, my 
future wife's father ; when she, standing at the door, saw me and 
thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous 
appearance. 

2. The brothers recognized Joseph from afar by his bright robe, 
and hastily consulted together how they might kill him. Reuben 
alone wished to save Joseph, but he did not dare oppose his brotliers 
openly ; so he suggested that they put him in an empty cistern w^iich 
was near. 

3. I fear thee, ancient Mariner ! 

I fear thy skinny hand. 

1 Give much practice in this. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 51 

And thou art long and lank and brown 
As is the ribbed sea-sand. 

4. If thine enemy hunger, feed him. 

5. Ye are the light of the world. 

XXXV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 

118. Compare : — 
I 



This man came to town yes- 
terday. 

That book is mine. 



II 

This is the man that came to 
our house yesterday. 
That is my book. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

In column II this and that do not modi'fy nouns ; they 
stand for nouns. Words that stand for nouns are called 
pronouns. 

This and that as used in column II are called demon- 
strative pronouns. 

Note. — They are called demonstrative because they point out the 
objects to which they refer. 

119. Supply the proper plural forms in the following : — 



- are my books. 

- are my pencils. 



This is my book. 
That is my pencil. 

120. In the following sentences pick out the demonstra- 
tive pronouns, and tell the number and case of each : — 

1. This is my book ; that is yours. 

2. Cornelia said, '' These are my jewels.'* 

3. These are very good peaches, but I like those better. 

4. That is my answer; you must do that or nothing. 

5. I did not say that. 

6. I think I shall take these. 



52 



ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 



XXXVI. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 



121. Compare: 



That is a knock at the door. 
This is the best aj^ple. 
That hurts the child. 



II 

Who is at the door? 
Which is the best apple ? 
What hurts the child? 



In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? 

In column II who^ which^ and what are pronouns, and 
since they are used to ask questions they are called inter- 
rogative pronouns. 



122. Compare : — 

I 

My hrother is at the door. 
You will find my hrother at 
the door. 



II 

Who is at the door? 
Whom shall I find at the door ? 
[I shall find whom.'] 



Tell the case of the nouns in italics in column I. 
Tell the case of the pronouns in italics in column 11. 



123. Compare : — 



My hat is on the rack. 



II 

Whose hat is on the rack ? 



In column I what kind of pronoun is my? In what 
case is it ? Wliat does it modify ? 

In column II whose is an interrogative pronoun, in the 
possessive case, and modifies hat. 



INTEBROGATIVE PRONOUNS 53 

Declension of the interrogative pronoun who : — 
Norn, who. Poss. whose. Ohj, whom. 



124. Compare : — 

I 

Who is at the door ? 

Whom shall I find at the' door? 



II 

Which is right? 
Which of the doors must I 
open ? 

What hm'ts the child? 

What must I do for the child ? 



Tell the case of each of the pronouns in italics in 
column I. 

In column II the words in italics are interrogative pro- 
nouns. Tell the case ^ of each. 

125. In the following sentences pick out the inter- 
rogative pronouns; tell the case of each and give reason 
for saying it is in that case : — 

1. Who is coming? 
' 2. What do you mean? 

3. What can I do? 

4. Which shall I take? 

5. Whose boy are you? 

6. Which of the two is right ? 

7. What does he know? 
S. Whom shall I ask? 

9. I asked him who was coming. 

10. I wonder what he knows. 

11. What shall I say? 

12. Who told you? 

13. Whose book is this? 

1 The pupil will need help with this. 



54 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGlNJSfJ^MS 

XXXVII. RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
126. Compare : — • 

I II 

This is the boy. He opened 
the gate for us 



This is the rat. It ate the 
malt. 

John found the money. It 
was lost. 



This is the boy who opened 
the gate for us. 

This is the rat that ate the 
malt. 

John found the money which 
was lost. 



In cokimii I in what case are the pronouns in italics ? 
To what does each refer ? 

In column II to what does each pronoun in italics 
refer ? 

The word to w^hich each of these pronouns refers is 
called the antecedent. Boy is the antecedent of who. Bat 
is the antecedent of that. Money is the antecedent of which. 

The pronouns tvho^ that^ and which do two things : — 

1. They refer or relate to an antecedent. 

2. They join a statement to a preceding noun or pro- 
noun. 

A pronoun that refers (or relates) to an antecedent 
and joins a statement to a preceding noun or pronoun is 
called a relative pronoun. 

127. In the following sentences pick out the relative 
pronouns, and tell the antecedent of each: — 

1. This is the cat that caught the rat. 

2. Plere is the man who came to see us yesterday. 

3. God helps them that help themselves. 

4. The book which you lost is very valuable. 

5. N'o man .can be great who is not good. 

6. Shakespeare, who wrote the Merchant of Venice^ was a great man. 



BELATIVE PRONOUNS 65 

7. He who hesitates is lost. 

8. I hear a voice which you cannot hear. 

128. Compare: — 

I II 

He does that ivhich is right. | He does what is right. 

What kind of pronoun is that in column I ? In what 
case ? Why ? 

What kind of pronoun is which in column I ? In 
what case ? Why ? What is the antecedent of which? 

In column II what is a relative pronoun. In this sen- 
tence what is equivalent to that which^ and for this reason 
is said to contain its antecedent in itself. The relative 
pronoun tvhat differs in this way from the other relative 
pronouns who^ which^ and that. 

129. Compare: — 
I II 



What must I do ? 
I wonder what he thinks about 
me. 

He asked me what I was doing. 

In which column is what equivalent to that which ? In 
which column, then, is what a relative pronoun ? 



You must do what is right. 
He says what he thinks. 
I showed him what I was 
doing. 



130. In the following exercise pick out those sentences 
in which what is a relative pronoun. 

Remember, what is a relative pronoun when that which 
can be substituted for it. 

1. I believe what he tells me. 

2. Go and ask John what he said. 

3. Come and tell us what you saw at the fair. 

4. The question is, what shall we do. 

5. I can repeat what he said. 



56 ENGLISH GBAMMAE FOR BEGINNERS 

XXXVIII. CASE — RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
131. Compare : — 



I 

Who is at the door ? 

WJiose voice is that ? 

Whom did you see at the door? 



II 

Here is the girl wJw was at the 
door. 

Here is the girl whose voice we 
heard. 

Here is the girl ivhom we saw. 



What kind of pronoun is each word in italics in col- 
umn I ? Give the case of each. 

In column II what kind of pronoun is each word in 

italics ? 

Read : — 

Here is the girl 

ivho was at the door. 

Who is a relative pronoun, nominative case, subject of 

was. 

Here is the girl 

whose voice we heard. 

Whose is a relative pronoun, possessive case, modifies 

voice. 

Here is the girl 

I 

tohom we saw 
(we saw whom). 

Whom is a relative pronoun, objective case, object of 
the verb saw. , 

132. Pick out the relative pronouns in the following 
sentences and tell (1) the case, and (2) the antecedent 
of each : — 



ABJECTIVE PRONOUNS 57 

1. Here is the pencil that you lent me. 

2. He says what he thinks. 

"3. He prayeth best who loveth best. 

4. The tree which the wind blew down is an oak. 

5. The girl whom you see at the piano sings w^ell. 

6. The boy whose essay you read is a good student. 

7. We want a boy whom we can trust. 

XXXIX. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS 
133. Compare : — 



I 

Several persons were in the 
house. 

Each man must take his turn. 
Many persons were there. 



II 

Several were in the house. 

Each must take his turn. 
Many were there. 



What part of speech are the words in italics in col- 
umn I ? What does each modify ? 

In column II the words in italics are pronouns ; each 
stands for a noun. 

Note that the same word may be used both as adjective 
(col. I) and as pronoun (col. II). 

Pronouns that may also be used as adjectives are called 
adjective pronouns. 

134. In the following sentence tell whether the words 
in italics are adjectives or adjective pronouns. Give 
reason. 

1. ^N'either of us saw the other, 

2. Few shall part where many meet. ' 

3. Some men are born great. 

4. I should like to see hoth, but either will dOo 

5. You must wait difeio days longer. 

6. He that has mxich wants more. 



58 



ENGLISH GRAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 



7. The fo7^mer pastor was greatly beloved. 

8. I have heard what both men say, but I do not believe either of 
them. 

9. All men are brothers. 
10. I sent for two boys. 

^ach other and one another are each to be taken as a 
single part of speech. They are called compound adjective 
pronouns. 



XL. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 



135. Compare : — 
I 

You may come to-morrow. 
He knocked at my door. 
She was not in the room. 



II 

Anybody may come to-morrow. 
Some one knocked at my door. 
No one was in the room. 



In column I wliat kind of pronoun is each word in 
italics ? Note that in each sentence a particular person is 
referred to. 

In column II each pronoun in italics refers to a person, 
but not to a particular person. Such pronouns are called 
indefinite pronouns. 

The chief indefinite pronouns that refer to persons are: 
any one^ anybody^ every one^ everybody^ no one^ no7ie^ nobody^ 
some one^ and somebody. 

The chief indefinite pronouns that refer to things are : 
something^ anything^ nothing, aught, naught. 

Anybody else,, somebody else,, etc., are called compound 
indefinite pronouns. 

136. In the following sentences pick out the pronouns 
and tell (1) what kind of pronoun, (2) wliat case. Give 
reason for case. 



PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 59 

1. Each is laid in his narrow cell. 

2. No one must leave the room. 

3. Each man must do his duty as he sees it. 

4. This is the cow that tossed the dog. 

5. What is truth? asked jesting Pilate. 

6. The question is, what shall I do? 

7. Everybody has left the room. 

8. Here is the man whom we saw yesterday. 

9. They said that my brother had come. 

10. I do not believe that. 

11. These are my apples ; those are yours. 

12. Whom did you see in town ? 

13. Somebody is at the door. 

14. They saw us, but we did not see them. 

15. These are my jewels. 

XLI. PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 
137. Compare : — 
I 

All are invited to the party. 



Each must do his duty. 
Both are right. 



II 

All children are invited to the 
party. 

Each man must do his duty. 
Both boys are right. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? 

In column II v/hat part of speech are the words in italics ? 
What does each modify ? 

Adjectives that may also be pronouns (as in col. I) are 
called pronominal adjectives. 

138. Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences 
and tell what each modifies : — 

1. Baa, baa, black sheep, 
Have you any wool ? 
Yes, my master, three bags full. 



60 ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

2. As I went to St. Ives 

I met a man with seven wives. 

3. England expects every man to do his duty to-day. 

4. He worked in the fields of other men. 

5. Each boy must bring another bucket of water. 

6. He has more money than he knows what to do withe 

7. Some men are born great. 

8. Either book will do. 

9. I have other things to do. 

10. I have brought all these books to my father. 

XLII. DEMONSTRATIVE AND INTERROGA- 
TIVE ADJECTIVES 

139. Compare : — 



I 

This is the house that Jack 
built. 

That is my book on the table. 



II 

Jack built this house. 

That book is mine. 



In column I what part of speech are the words in 

italics ? 

In column II what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

TJiis and that^ with their plurals these and those^ when 
used to modify nouns, are called demonstrative adjectives. 

140. In the following sentences pick out the adjectives 
and tell what each modifies : — 

1. Look on this picture. 

2. These books are mine. 

3. That is a beautiful picture. 
^ 4. Many men, many minds. 

5. That way lies madness. 



INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES 61 

6. These men are looking for ns. 

7. Give me the first rose from this garden. 

8. Some enemy has done this wrong deed. 

9. My brother comes along this road every morning. 
10. My brother and I go to the same schooL 



141. Compare: 



I 

What will he do with it? 
Which did he choose? 



II 

What time is it? 

Which apple is the best ? 

Tell the part of speech and the case of each word in 
italics in column I. 

In column II what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

What and ivhich, when used to modify nouns, are called 
interrogative adjectives. 

In the following sentences tell whether the words in 
italics are adjectives or pronouns : — 

1. What my father says is true. 

2. I do not know tvhich apple is the bestc 

3. What kind of apple do you like best ? 

4. I cannot tell tchat he will do. 

5. Which road did he take ? 

6. All men are mortal. 

7. What cities did you see? 

8. Did you see any fine pictures? 

9. What is the name of the best picture you saw? 

10. That is the wrong book. 

11. This book is yours. 

12. My brother told me that. 

13. These are nice ajDples ; T shall take one of each kind. 

14. You must find a7iother place, 

15. TF/iaMs your name ? 

16. Those children are happy. 

17. Which house is yours ? 

18. This is a sharp knife. 



62 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNEBS 



Please lend me a knife. 

A wedding is a beautiful sight. 

We ought to show respect to 
an old person. 



XLIII. ARTICLES 

142. An^ a, and the modify nouns, and for this reason 
are adjectives ; they are, however, usually called articles. 

Compare : — 

II 

Please bring me the knife. 

The wedding was a beautiful 
sight. 

The woman we saw yesterday 
is seventy years old. 

In which column do the articles point out a particular 
person or thing ? 

The article an or a is called the indefinite article because 
it does not point out a particular person or thing (col. I). 

The article the is called the definite article because it 
points out a particular person or thing. 

The article an is used before words beginning with a 
vowel sound. 

The article a is used before words beginning with a 
consonant sound. 

143. Use the proper article, an or a, before each of the 
following words : — 

apple horse history unit youth onion 



XLIV. NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES 



144. Compare : — 

I 

Gold is a precious metal. 

A rolling stone gathers no moss. 

This pen is made of steel. 



II 

I have a gold watch. 
There are several stone walls 
on this farm. 

This is a steel pen. 



ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS 63 

What part of speech are the words in italics in column I ? 

In column II note that the words gold^ stone^ and steel 
are used to modify nouns. The words gold^ stone^ and 
steel (in col. II) are called nouns used as adjectives. 

145. In the following sentences pick out the nouns used 
as adjectives and tell what each modifies : — 

1. John bought a stone jug. 

2. The man struck his companion with a fence rail. 

3. Oscar is fond of his country cousins. 

4. We had some good pumpkin pie. 

5. He gave the baby a silver spoon. 

XLV. ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS 

146. Compare : — 

I 

Rich people are not always 
happy. 

What part of speech is the word in italics in column I ? 
In column II what is the subject of are? What does 
the modify ? Hich is called an adjective used as a noun. 

147. In the following sentences pick out the adjectives 
used as nouns, 

1. The way of the wicked shall perish. 

2. Rich people should be kind to the poor. 
3., The good die young. 

4. Blessed are the merciful. 

5. You should always buy the best. 

6. The race is not to the swift, 
Nor the battle to the strong. 

7. Let fate do its worst. 

8. A word to the wise is sufficient. 

9. The happy are the good. 



II 

The rich are not always happy. 



64 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



XLVI. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 



148. Compare : — 






I 




II 


This apple is s^veet. 




My apple is sweeter than yours. 


David was young. 




David was younger than 
Goliath. 


These pines are tall 




These pines are taller than 
those oaks. 




sweet 


sweeter 




young 


younger 




tall 


taller 



In column I the adjectives siveet^ young^ and tall are 
said to be in the positive degree. 

In column II the adjectives siveetei% younger^ and taller 
are said to be in the comparative degree. Note that the 
comparative degree is used when one thing or class of 
things is compared with another thing or class of tilings. 

149. Compare : — 



I 

My apples are sweeter than 
yours. 

David was younger than 
Goliath. 

These pines are taller than 
those oaks. 

siceeter 

younger 

taller 



II 

These are the sweetest apples 
in the orchard. 

Benjamin was the youngest of 
Jacob's sons. 

These pines are the tallest trees 
in the forest. 
siceetest 
youngest 
tallest 



In what degree are the adjectives in italics in column I ? 

In column II tlie adjectives sweetest^ youngest^ and tallest 
are said to be in the superlative degree. Note that tlie 
superlative degree is used when one thing or class of things 
is compared with two or more things or classes of things. 



COMPAEISON OF ADJECTIVES 



65 



150. There 


are 


three degrees of 


comparison : positive, 


comparative, superlative. 




Positive 




Comparative 


Superlative 


sweet 




sweeter 


sweetest 


young 




younger 


youhgest 


tall 




taller 


tallest 


fine 




finer 


finest 


brave 




braver 


bravest 


red 




redder 


reddest 


sad 




sadder 


saddest 



Note. — Call attention to the spelling of the comparative and the 
superlative forms. 

XLVII. COMPARISON — Continued 
151. Compare: — 



Saul was older than David. 

Oak wood is harder than pine 
wood. 



II 

David was more obedient than 
Saul. 

Oak wood is more expensive 
than pine wood. 



In what degree are tlie adjectives in column I ? 
In what degree are more obedient and more expensive in 
column II ? 



152. Compare : — 

I 

This is the sweetest apple in 
the orchard. 

Benjamin was the youngest of 
Jacob's sons. 



n 

Sarah is the most heautiful girl 
in school. 

James is the most mischievous 
boy in school. 



In what degree are the adjectives in column I ? 
In what degree are most heautiful and most mischievous 
in column II ? 



66 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



When an adjective is a word of only one syllable, it is 
usual to form the comparative by adding er or r to the 
positive, and to form the superlative by adding est or st to 
the positive : — 



Positive 


Comparative 


Superlative 


sweet 


sweeter 


sweetest 


fine 


finer 


finest 



When an adjective is a word of two or more syllables, 
it is usual to form the comparative by the use of more^ and 
the superlative by the use of most : — 



Positive 


Comparative 


Superlative 


distant 


more distant 


most distant 


beautiful 


more beautiful 


most beautiful 



153. Some adjectives are irregular in forming the 
degrees of comparison, as : — 



'OSITIVE 


Comparative 


Superlative 


good 


better 


best 


bad 


vrorse 


worst 


little 


less 


least 


many 


more 


most 



XLVIII. EXERCISES 

154. In the following sentences pick out the adjectives 
and tell what each modifies. 

Tell the degree of comparison if the adjective is in the 
comparative or the superlative degree : — 

1. AVhich path shall we take now? 

2. Tell me what sort of house you like best. 

3. Each horseman drew his battle blade, 
And furious every charger neighed. 



EXERCISES 67 

4. It is good to have a Christian motlier's holy love. 

5o Once on a cold and loud-voiced winter night 

The three were seated by their cottage fire — . 
The mother, watching by the flickering light, 
The wakeful urchin, and the dozing sire. 

6. Once upon a time there were four little people, whose names 
were Violet, Slingsby, Guy, and Lionel ; and they all thought they 
should like to see the world. So they bought a large boat to sail 
quite round the world by sea, and then they were to come back on the 
other side by land. The boat was painted blue with green spots, and 
the sail was yellow wdth green stripes : and, when they set off, they took 
only a small Cat to steer and look after the boat, besides an elderly 
Quangie- Wangle, who had to cook the dinner and make the tea ; for 
which purposes they took a large kettle. 

7. This is the portrait, and I take 
The softest colors for your sake : ' 

The springtime of your soul is dead, 
And forty years have bent your head; 

The lines are firmer round your mouth, 
But still its smile is of the South ; - 

Your eyes, grown deeper, are not sad, 
But never more than gravely glad ; 

And the old charm still lurks within 
The cloven dimple of your chin. 

Some share perhaps of youthful gloss 
Your cheek hath shed ; but still across 

The delicate ear are folded down 
Those silken locks of chestnut brow^n ; 

Though here and there a thread of gray 
Steals through them like a lunar ray. 

8. Whene'er a noble deed is wrought, 
Whene'er is spoken a noble thought, 
Our hearts, in glad surprise, 

To higher levels rise. 



68 



ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOR BEGINNEES 



XLIX. 

155. Compare: 

I 



ADJECTIVE PHRASES 1 



Here is a ivooden spoon. 
There is a white-faced cow. 
Here is a three-legged stool. 



II 

Here is a spoon of wood. 
There is a cow with a white face* 
Here is a stool loith three legs. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in italics ? 
What does each modify ? 

In column II the phrases of wood., ivith a white face^ 
and with three legs are called adjective phrases. Why ? 

156. In the following sentences pick out the adjective 
phrases and tell what each modifies : — 

1. Here is a basket of eggs. 

2. The man in the moon came down too soon. 

3. A box of wood is on the back porch. 

4. The boy rode on top of the car. 

5. That is a picture of my sister. 

L. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 

157. Compare : — 



Here is a ripe peach. 

Here is a peach 

.1 

ripe. 



II 

Here is a peach that is ripe. 
Here is a peach 

I 

that is ripe. 



In column I what part of speech is ripe? What does 
it modify ? 

In column II that is ripe is a part of the sentence Here 
is a peach that is ripe ; the group of words that is ripe con- 

1 Adjective phrases and clauses are introduced here to prepare the 
pupil for the fuller treatment of phrases and clauses that comes later, 
Give a good deal of help to the pupil. 



PHRASES AND CLAUSES COMPARED 69 

tains a subject and predicate, and is used like an adjective 
to iiiodily peach. Such a group of words is called a clause. 
A clause is a part of a sentence ; it contains a subject 
and a predicate, and is used like a single part of speech. 

158. Compare: — 



I 

Everybody likes good children. 



We went to see a sick child. 
You have an easy task. 



II 

Everybody likes children tJiat 
are good. 

We went to see a child ivJio 
10 as sick. 

You have a task which is very 
easy. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in italics ? 
What does each modify ? 

In column II what does each clause in italics modify ? 
Clauses that are used like adjectives are called adjective 
clauses. Tell the subject and the predicate of each clause. 

159. In the following sentences pick out the adjective 

clauses and tell what each modifies : — 

1. Here is the tree that we planted. 

2. The money which you lost has been found. 

3. This is the man who came to see us yesterday. 

4. I have lost the book that you lent me. 

LI. PHRASES AND CLAUSES COMPARED 

160. Compar,e : — 

I 



Here is a man of great strength 



II 

'I. Here is a man who has greai 

strength. 
Here is a child with blue eyes. Here is a child that has blue eyes. 

In column I the groups of words in italics are phrases. 
In column II the groups of words in italics are clauses. 



70 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



I 

Adjective Phrases 

Of great strength. 
With blue eyes. 



II 

Adjective Clauses 
Who has great strength. 
That has blue eyes. 



Note that phrases have no subject and predicate. 
Pick out the subject and the predicate of each adjective 
clause in column 11. 

Note. — A phrase does not contain a subject and a predicate. A 
clause contains a subject and a predicate. 

161. In the following sentences tell whether the groups 
of words in italics are phrases or clauses : — 

1. This is the house that Jack hidlt, 

2. We live in the house on the hill. 

3. We climbed a mountain of great height 

4. Joseph had a coat of many colors. 

5. Here is the money that I owe you. 

6. Samson was a man of great strength. 

7. This is the book that I borrowed of you. 

8. This is the dog that worried the cat. 

162. In the following sentences pick out the adjectives, 
the adjective phrases, and the adjective clauses, and tell 
what each modifies : — 

1. A field of ripening cotton is a beautiful sight. 

2. Shakespeare, who wrote many fine plays, is the greatest English 
poet. 

3. The man that does his full duty is the true citizen. 

4. This field of daisies is beautiful. 

5. He told a story that nobody believed. 

6. He laughs best who laughs last. 

7. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 

Find five sentences that contain adjective phrases ; five 
sentences that contain adjective clauses. 



THE VERB — PERFECT TENSES 71 

LII. THE VERB — PERFECT TENSES 
163. Compare : — 



I 

I see the moon now. 

I saw the moon last night. 

I shall see the moon again 
to-morrow night. 



II 

I have just seeii the moon. 

I had seen the moon before it 
was shown to me. 

I shall have seen the clear moon 
before midnight, I hope. 



Tell the tense of the verb in each sentence in column I. 

What is meant by saying a verb (^see^ is in the present 
tense ? In the past tense ? In the future tense ? 

Before trying to tell the tense of the verbs in column II, 
read the following : — 

Suppose you had just been feeding your horse, and 
should say, ^' I have fed my horse." What time would be 
expressed by the verb have fed? You would mean that the 
act of feeding your horse was completed, and completed 
just at the present time. The tense that describes action 
completed at the present time is called the present perfect 
tense. So have fed is in the present perfect tense. 

Suppose you had fed your horse in the morning, and 
afterward had lent him to 5^our brother. You might say, 
''I had fed my horse before I lent him to my brother." 
What time would be expressed by the verb had fed ? It 
would be completed action, and action completed at some 
time in the past. The tense that describes action com- 
pleted at some time in the past is called the past perfect 
tense. So had fed is in the past perfect tense. 

Suppose, before you had fed your horse for dinner, your 
brother should ask you to let him ride your horse in the 



72 IJNGLISH GRAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 

afternoon. You might say, '' I have not fed my horse yet, 
but I shall have fed him before you will need him." What 
time would be expressed by the verb shall have fed f It 
would refer to the future, and it would be action that 
would be completed by a certain time in the future. The 
tense that describes action to be completed at some time 
in the future is called the future perfect tense. So shall 
have fed is in the future perfect tense. 

Note that all the perfect tenses mean completed action. 

Present Tense, see. Present Perfect Tense, have seen. 

Past Tense, saw. Past Perfect Tense, had seen. 

Future tense, shall see., Future Perfect Tense, shall have seen. 



LIII. SOME TENSES OF THE VERB SEE, SHOW- 
ING PERSON AND NUMBER OF THE VERB 

164. The verb is in the same person and number as 

the subject of the verb. 

165. The following are some tenses of the verb see: — 



Present 


Tense 




Singular 




Plural 


First Person, I see. 




We see. 


Second Person, You see. 




You see. 


[Thou seest.] 






Third Person, He sees. 




They see. 


Past T 


'ense 




Singular 




Plural 


First Person, I saw. 




We saw. 


Second Person, You saw. 




You saw. 


[Thou sawest.] 






Third Person, He saw. 




They saw. 



PERSON AND NUMBER OF THE VERB 73 

Future Tense 
Singular Plural 

First Person, I shall see. We shall see. 

Second Person, You will see. You will see. 

[Thou wilt see.] , 

Third Person, He will see. They will see. 

Present Perfect Tense 
Singular Plural 

First Person, I have seen. We have seen. 

Second Person, You have seen. You have seen. 

[Thou hast seen.] 
Third Person, He has seen. They have seen. 

Past Perfect Tense 
Singular ^ Plural 

First Person, I had seen. We had seen. 

Second Person, You had seen. You had seen. 

[Thou hadst seen.] 

Third Person, He had seen. They had seen. 

Future Perfect Tense 
Singular Plural 

First Person, I shall have seen. We shall have seen. 

Second Person, You will have seen. You will have seen. 

[Thou wilt have seen.] 
Third Person, He will have seen. They will have seen. 

XoTE. — /, you, he, etc., are not parts of the verb, but are put here 
to make clear the person of the verb. 

166. In the following sentences pick out the verbs, and 
tell the tense^ person^ and number of each : — 

1. I have read all the news. 

2. I saw many startling things. 

3. He will come soon. 

4. We shall see him as soon as he comes. 

6. Before you return to-night I shall have studied all my lessons. 



74 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



LIV. TENSES OF THE VERB BH 
167. The following are the tenses of the verb Be : — 



Present Tense 
Singular 

Fii^'^t Person, I am. 
Second Person, You are. 

[Thou art.] 
Third Person, He is. 

Past Tense 
Singular 

Fh^st Person, I was. 
Second Person, You were. 

[Thou wert.] 
Third Person, He was. 

Future Tense 
Singular 

First Person, I shall be. 
Second Person, You will be. 

[Thou wilt be.] 
Third Person, He will be. 

Present Perfect Tense 
Singular 

First Person, I have been. 
Second Person, You have been. 

[Thou hast been.] 
Third Person, He has been. 

Past Perfect Tense 
Singular 

First Person, I had been. 
Second Person, You had been. 

[Thou hadst been.] 
Third Person, He had been. 



Plural 

We are. 
You are. 

They are. 

Plural 

We were. 
You were. 

They were. 

Plural 

We shall be. 
You will be. 

They will be. 

Plural 

We have been. 
You have been. 

They have been. 

Plural 

We had been. 
You had been. 

They had been, 



TENSES OF THE VERB HAVE 



75 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



Future Perfect Tense 

Singular 

I shall have been. 
You will have been. 
[Thou wilt have been.] 
He will have been. 



Plural 

We shall have been. 
You will have been. 

They will have been. 



168. In the following sentences pick out the verbs and 
tell the tense, person, and number of each : — 

1. I am his brother. 

2. You will be late. 

3. They have been here a v^eek. 

4. We shall be in time. 

5. John has been here a week. , 

6. On next Tuesday I shall have been here two weeks. 

7. My sisters had been at home an hour before I saw them. 

8. Thou hast been untrue to thy trust. 



LV. TENSES OF THE VERB RAVU 

169. The following are the tenses of the verb Have: — 

Present Tense 

Singular Plural 

First Person, I have. We have. 

Second Person, You have. You have. 

[Thou hast.] 

Third Person, He has. They have. 

Past Tense 

Singular Plural 

First Person, I had. We had. * 

Second Person, You had. You had. 

[Thou hadst.] 

Third Person, He had. , They had. 



76 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 



Future Tense 
Singular 

I shall have. 
You will have. 
[Thou wilt have.] 
He will have. 

Present Perfect Tense 
Singular 
I have had. 
You have had. 
[Thou hast had.] 
He has had. 

Past Perfect Tense 
Singular 

I had had. 
You had had. 
[Thou hadst had.] 
He had had. 

Future Perfect Tense 
Singular 

I shall have had. 
You will have had. 
[Thou wilt have had.] 



Third Person, He will have had. 



Plural 

We shall have. 
You will have. 

They will have. 

Plural 
We have had. 
You have had. 

They have hado 

Plural 

We had had. 
You had had. 

They had had. 

Plural 

We shall have had. 
You will have had. 

They will have had. 



170. In the following sentences pick out the verbs and 
tell the tense, person, and number of each : — 

1. You will have a good time to-morrow. 

2. They have had enough to eat. 

3. John has had his supper. 

4. We shall have had supper long before you return. 

5. He had a narrow escape. 

6. My sister has a beautiful book. 

7. Thou shalt have thy due. 



Mary sings well. 
John icalks to school. 



TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 11 

LVI. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE 

VERBS 

171. Compare : — 

I II 

The boy struck the dog. 
The dog hit the boy. 

Are the verbs in column I transitive or intransitive ? 
What is the object of each ? 

Does the action of the verb sings in column II pass over 
to an object that receives the action ? The verbs in 
column II are called intransitive verbs. 

172. In the following sentences tell which verbs are 
transitive and which are intransitive. .Tell the object of 
each transitive verb : — 

1. John helped his brother. 

2. My father has built a beautiful house. 

3. I saw many beautiful things in the city. 

4. The janitor rings the bell every morning. 

5. The bell rings five minutes. 

6. The children play in the back yard. 

7. They play games all the afternoon. 

8. Washington became President. 

9. The sick child seems better to-day. 

10. The rose smells very sweet. 

11. The old blue hen sits well. 

12. My mother set the hen last week. 

13. The speaker talked more than an hour. 

14. ]Mary bought five yards of ribbon. 

15. We walked five miles yesterday. 

16. The child rubbed its eyes. 

17. I must go home. 

18. He painted the fence white. 

19. The teacher praised the boy. 

20. I he^iird the wind. 



78 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

LVII. VOICE 
173. Compare : — 



I 

David killed Goliath. 



II 

Goliath was killed by David. 

Ill column I is the verb killed a transitive or an intransi- 
tive verb ? What is its object ? 

What word names the receiver of the action ? 
What word names the actor ? 
What is the subject of the verb ? 

Note. — David is the subject. David is the actor. 

When the subject of the verb and the actor are the 
same, the verb is in the active voice. 

In column II we read, Groliath was killed by David, 

Who was killed ? 

What word names the receiver of the action ? 

What is the subject ? 

XoTE. — Goliath is the subject, Goliath is the receiver of the action. 

When the subject of the verb and the receiver of the 
action are the same, the verb is in the passive voice. 

174. In the following sentences tell whether the verbs 
are in the active voice or the passive voice. 

1. A lion was killed by a hunter. 

2. The corn has been planted by the farmer. 

3. The boy brought the letters to the house. 

4. The rat ate the malt. 

5. The city has been destroyed three times. 

6. The ship was sunk by the pirates. 

7. William has eaten all the cherries. 

8. Three songs will be sung by the children. 

9. The boy has been hunting all day. 

10. The children were playing in the yard. 



PASSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB 



79 



175. Compare : — 

Active 

I 
David killed Goliath. 



Passive 

II 

Goliath was killed by David. 



Goliath is the object of the verb in the active voice. 
Goliath is the subject of the verb in the passive voice. 
The object of the verb in the active voice becomes the 
subject of the verb in the passive voice, 

176. Change the following sentences so that the verb 
will be in the passive voice. Example : — 

John struck the dog. 

The dog was struck by John! 



Passive : — 



1. Mary milked the cow. 

2. The robber stole the money. 

3. John v^ron the game. 



4. William killed a snake. 

5. The children broke the glass. 

6. James found a top. 



Can an intransitive verb take an object ? 
An intransitive verb cannot be in the passive voice. 
Why? 



LVIII. PASSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB 
177. Compare : — 



I see my brother now. 

I saw my brother yesterday. 

I shall see my brother next 
week. 



II 

I am seen by my brother now. 

I was seen by my brother 
yesterday. 

I shall be seen by my brother 
next week. 



In which column are the verbs in the passive voice ? 



80 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



178. The following .are the passive forms of the verb 

See : — 

Present Tense 



Singular 

First Person^ I am seen. 
Second Person, You are seen. 

[Thou art seen.] 
Third Person, He is seen. 



Past Tense 
Singular 

First Person, I was seen. 
Second Person, You were seen. 

[Thou wast seen.] 
Third Person, He was seen. 



Plural 

We are seen. 
You are seen. 

They are seen. 

Plural 

We were seen. 
You were seen. 

They were seen. 



Future Tense 
Singular 

First Person, I shall be seen. 
Second Person, Y^ou will be seen. 

[Thou wilt be seen.] 
Third Person, He will be seen. 



Plural 

We shall be seen. 
You will be seen. 

They will be seen. 



Present Perfect Tense 
Singular Plural 

First Person^ I have been seen. We have been seen. 

Second Person, You have been seen. You have been seen. 

[Thou hast been seen.] 

Third Person, He has been seen. They have been seen. 



Past Perfect Tense 
Singular 



Plural 



First Person, I had been seen. We had been seen. 

Second Person, You had been seen. You had been seen. 

[Thou hadst been seen.] 

Third Person, He had been seen. They had been seen. 



MOOD 81 

Future Perfect Tense 
Singular Plural 

First Pei^son, I shall have been seen. We shall have been seen. 
Second Person^ You will have been seen. You will have been seen. 

[Thou wilt have been seen.] ^ 

Third Person, He will have been seen. They will have been seen. 

179. In the following sentences pick out verbs and tell 
the voice, tense, person, and number of each : — 

1. The boy was sent to school. 

2. The children were praised by the teacher. 

3. Tall trees were standing in the front yard. 

4. The engineer saw the man on the track. 

5. The man on the track was seen by the engineer. 

6. The man was lying across the rail. 

7. The man was killed by the engine. 

8. The soldier will be shot by command of the general. 

9. The teacher has heard about the matter. 
10. The teacher has been told about the matter. 



LIX. MOOD 
180. Compare : — 



II 

Eat your dinner, John. 

Eat dinner with us to-day. 



I 

John eats his dinner at one 
o'clock. 

Will you eat your dinner now ? 

In the first sentence in column I the verb is used to 
state a fact. 

In the second sentence the verb is used to ask a question 
about a fact. 

When a verb is used to state a fact or to ask a question 
about a fact, it is said to be in the indicative mood. 

In the first sentence in column II the verb is used to 
express a command. The subject of the verb is you 
understood. 



82 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOB BEGINNEBS 

In the second sentence the verb is used to make a 
request. The subject of the verb is you understood. 

When a verb is used to express a command or to make 
a request, it is said to be in the imperative mood. 

The subject of a verb in the imperative mood is you 

understood. 

[You] eat your dinner, John. 
[You] eat dinner with us to-day. 

A verb in the imperative mood is usually in the second 
person. Why ? 

181. In the following sentences pick out the verbs and 
tell the voice, mood, tense, person, and number of each : — 

1. I shall ring the bell at once. 

2. Ring the bell, John. 

3. Ring out, wild bells, your joyful song. 

4. Have you seen James this morning? 

5. Strike for your home and native land. 

6. Lead us in the paths of peace. 

7. Give me the pencil. 

8. Come and take dinner with us to-day. 

9. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. 
10. Break, break, break, 

On thy cold gray stones, O sea. 

182. Compare : — 



I 

I am true to my friends. 

I was at home last night. 



II 

If I he true to my friends, they 
will be true to me. 

If I were at home to-day, I 
should find no one there. 



In column I the statement of a fact is made. In what 
mood are the verbs ? 

In column II the statement is not a fact, but something 
that is merely thought of. 



SOME SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS 



83 



If I he true, etc. 

If I were at home, etc. 

The verbs he and were are said to be in the subjunctive 
mood. 

A verb that is used to state something, not as a fact, 
but as merely thought of, is said to be in the subjunctive 
mood, 

LX. SOME SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS 

183. The following are the Subjunctive forms of the 
present tense and the past tense of the verb Be: — 





Present Tense 


, 




Singular 


Plural 


First Person^ 


I be. 


We be. 


Second Person, 


You be. 
[Thou be.] 


You be. 


Third Person, 


He be. 

Past Tense 


They be. 




Singular 


Plural 


First Person, 


I were. 


We were. 


Second Person, 


You were. 
[Thou wert.] 


You were. 


Third Person, 


He were. 


They were 



184. Tell the mood, tense, person, and number of each 
verb in italics in the following sentences : — 

1. If I were you, I should not do this. 

2. The boys were up before day. 

3. If we he faithful, we shall win. 

4. My father was not at home. 

5. If my father were at home, he would punish us. 



84 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



185. Compare : — 

I 

The child has his way in 
everything. 

The man does his best. 



II 

If a child have his way in 
everything, he will become a will- 
ful man. 

If a man do his best, he can do 
no more. 



In what mood are the verbs in italics in column I ? 
what tense and number ? 

In what mood are the verbs in italics in column II ? 
what tense and number ? 



In 



In 



Indicative 
Child has. 
Man does. 



Subjunctive 
Child have, 
Man do. 



Note how the subjunctive differs in form from the 
indicative. 

Note. — The subjunctive generally follows ^/, unless, though, etc. 

186. In the following sentences tell the mood, tense, 
person, and number of the verbs in italics : — 

1. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 

2. If he fail me, so much the worse for him. 

3. I would help you if it ivere in my power to do so. 

4. Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. 

LXI. INFINITIVES 



187. Compare: — 
I 

A little sleep in the afternoon 
is refreshing. 

A walk before breakfast gives 
me a good appetite. 

Obedience is the duty of chil- 
dren. 



II 

To sleep is refreshing. 

To walk is good for the health. 
To obey is the duty of children. 



INFINITIVES 85 

What part of speech are the words in italics in column I ? 
In what case is each ? Why ? 

What is the subject of each verb in column II ? 

To sleep is the subject of the verb in the first sentence. 

To walk is the subject of the verb in the second sentence. 

To obey is the subject of the verb in the third sentence. 

To sleeps to walk^ and to ohey are parts of the verb, but 
since they are subjects they are said to be used as nouns. 

The part of the verb that is used as a noun is called the 
infinitive. 



188. Compare : — 

I 

To icalk is good exercise. 
To return was difficult. 



, n 

I like to walk. 

The boy promised to return. 



What is the subject of each verb in column I ? 
What is the object of each verb in column II ? 

189. In the following sentences pick out each infinitive 
and tell whether it is the subject of the verb or the object 
of the verb : — 

1. I like to read. 

2. To err is human. 

3'. He wishes to do right. 

4. To do right pleased him best. 

5. James has begun to study Latin. 

6. The farmer refused to pay taxes. 

7. To promise is not to perform. 

8. To ride on horseback is pleasant. 

9. My sister loves to sing. 

10. To make haste slowly is wise. 

11. The boys like to play ball. 



86 



ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOE BEGINNERS 



LXII. PARTICIPLES 



190. Compare : — 

I 

The fast train was wrecked. 



I saw the thirsty horses. 



II 



The train, running at great 
speed, was wrecked. 

I saw the horses drinking from 
the trough. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics? What does each modify? 

In column II what does running modify ? drinking ? 
Running and drinking modify nouns, and are, therefore, 
used like adjectives. 

Running is a part of the verb run. 

Drinking is a part of the verb drink. 

Words like running and drinking have a double nature: 
they express action or being, like a verb, and they modify 
some noun or pronoun, like an adjective. Such words are 
called participles. 



191. Compare: — 
I 

I saw the children 'picking 
strawberries. 

I saw the farmer planting corn. 



II 



The strawberries picked by the 
children are in the bucket. 

The corn planted last week has 
not come up. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics? What does each modify? 

Note. — Picking and planting have a double nature: they express 
action, and they modify nouns. 

In column II picked and planted have the same double 
nature. What part of speech are picked and planted. 
What does each modify ? 



CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 87 

Picking and planting are called present participles. 

Note. — Present participles always end in -ing. 
Picked and planted are called past participles. 

192. Read: — 

The strawberries picked by the. children were ripe. 
The bird, driven by hunger, flew into the house. 
The book lost by the child has been found. 

. The words in italics above show the various forms of 
the past participle . 

193. In the following sentences pick out the participles. 
Tell of each whether it is a present or a past participle, 
and what it modifies : — 

1. The boy standing at the head of the line is my brother. 

2. Truth crushed to earth will rise again. 

3. I saw the children playing in the yard. 

4. The knife found by John belongs to me. 

5. Words spoken in anger are often regretted. 

LXIII. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 

194. When we give, in order, the different parts of the 
verb, showing the voice, tense, person, and number of 
each part, we are said to conjugate the verb. 

The Verb Love 
Indicative Mood 

Present Tense 
Active Voice 
singular plural 

First Person, I love. We love. 

Second Person, Yon love. You love. 

[Thou lovest.] 
Third Person, . He loves. They love. 



88 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



The Verb Love — Continued 



First Person, 
Second Person, 



Passive Voice 
singular 

I am loved. 
You are loved. 
[Thou art loved.] 



Third Person^ He is loved. 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



Past Tense 

Active Voice 
singular 
I loved. 
You loved. 
[Thou lovedst.] 
He loved. 

Passive Voice 
singular 
I was loved. 
You were loved. 
[Thou wert loved.] 
He was loved. 

Future Tense 

Active Voice 
singular 
I shall love. 
You will love. 
[Thou wilt love.] 
He will love. 

Passive Voice 
singular 
I shall be loved. 
You will be loved. 
[Thou wilt be loved.] 
He will be loved. 



PLURAL 

We are loved. 
You are loved. 

They are loved. 



PLURAL 

V^e loved. 
You loved. 

They loved. 



PLURAL 

We were loved. 
You were loved. 

They were loved. 



PLURAL 

We shall love. 
You will love. 

They will love. 

PLURAL 

We shall be loved. 
You will be loved. 

They will be loved. 



CONJUGATION OF THE VERB 



89 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Parson, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, ' 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



The Verb Love — Continued 

Present Perfect Tense 

Active Voice 
singular 
I have loved. 
You have loved. 
[Thou hast loved.] 
He has loved. 



Passive Voice 
singular 
I have been loved. 
You have been loved. 
[Thou hast been loved.] 
He has been loved. 



PI^URAL 

We have loved. 
You have loved. 

They have loved. 

PLURAL 

We have been loved. 
You have been loved. 

They have been loved. 



Past Perfect Tense 



Active Voice 
singular 
I had loved. 
You had loved. 
[Thou hadst loved.] 
He had loved. 

Passive Voice 
singular 
I had been loved. 
You had been loved. 
[Thou hadst been loved.] 
He had been loved. 



PLURAL 

We had loved. 
You had loved. 

They had loved. 

PLURAL 

We had been loved. 
You had been loved. 

They had been loved. 



Future Perfect Tense 
Active Voice 
singular plural 

I shall have loved. We shall have loved. 

You will have loved. You will have loved. 

[Thou wilt have loved.] 
He- will have loved. . They will have loved. 



90 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



The Verb Love — Concluded 

Passive Voice 
singular plural 

Fij'st Person^ I shall have been loved. We shall have been loved. 
Second Person, You will have been loved. You will have been loved. 

[Thou wilt have been loved.] 
Third Person, He will have been loved. They will have been loved. 



Active Voice 
Love. 



Imperative 



Passive Voice 
Be loved. 



195. Compare : 



Indicative Mood 

Present Tense 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



Singular 
I love. 
You love. 
[Thou lovestJ] 
He loves. 



Plural 
First Person, We love. 
Second Person, You love. 
Third Person, They love. 



Subjunctive Mood 



Singular 
I love. 
You love. 
[Thou loveJ] 
He love.^ 

Plural 
We love. 
You love. 
They love. 



First Person, 
Second Person, 



Present Perfect Tense 
Singular 
I have loved. 
You have loved. 
[Thou hast loved.] 



Third Person, He has loved. 



Singular 
I have loved. 
You have loved. 
[Thou have loved.] 
He have loved. 



1 The subjunctive verb forms are generally used after if, unless, though, 
etc, See sections 182-185. 



EXERCISES 91 

Plural Plural 

First Person^ We have loved. We have loved. 

Second Person, You have loved. You have loved. 

Third Person, They have loved. They have loved. 

In other tenses the Indicative and the Subjunctive forms 
of the active voice are the same. 



LXIV. EXERCISES 

196. Exercise for quick answers. 

Give mood, voice, tense, person, and number of the 
following verbs : — 

I shall love ; I had loved. 

They shall have loved ; thou hadst loved. 

Love ; he will love. 

He loves ; she v^ill have been loved. 

He love ; he have loved. 

Thou have loved ; they had been loved. 

You will be loved ; they were loved. - 

Thou hast loved ; he was loved. 

197. Write sentences containing the following forms of 
the verb Love : — 

Indicative mood, active voice, past tense, third person, singular 
number. 

Indicative mood, active voice, future perfect tense, third person, 
singular number. 

Indicative m.ood, passive voice, past tense, second person, plural 
number. 

Indicative mood, passive voice, present perfect tense, first person, 
plural number. 

Subjunctive mood, active voice, present tense, third person, singular 
number. 

Subjunctive mood, active voice, present perfect tense, third person, 
singular number. 



92 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



LXV. PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB 



198. Compare : — 
I 

I studij my lessons every day. 
I studied my lessons before 
dinner. 

I hare studied my lessons for 
to-morrow. 

study 
studied 
have studied 



II 



1 am studying my lessons now. 

I was studying my lessons be- 
fore dinner. 

I have been studying my lessons 
for to-morrow. 

am studying 

ivas studying 

have been studying 

Tell the tense of the verbs in column I. 

The verbs in column II are in the same tense as the cor- 
responding verbs . in column I. There is, however, a 
slight difference in meaning : am studying has the idea 
of continuing or progressing. The same is true of was 
studying and have been studying. 

Note that these verb phrases are made up of parts of 
the verb be and the present participle of the verb study. 

Verb phrases that are made up in this way are called 
progressive verb phrases. 

199. The following are the progressive verb phrases of 
the verb study in the active^ voice, indicative mood: — 

Indicative Mood 

Present Tense 
Singular 
First Person^ I am studying. 
Second Person, You are studying. 
Third Person, He is studying. 



Pluratj 
We are studying. 
You are studying. 
They are studying. 



1 The text gives only the active forms of the progressive verb phrases. 
There are corresponding passive forms in some tenses, as in The house is 
being built. 



PBOGBESSIVE FORMS OF THE VERB 



93 



Indicative Mood — Concluded 



First Person, 
Second Person, 
Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 
Third Perso7i, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 

Third Person, 



First Person, 
Second Person, 
Third Person, 



Past Tense 

Singular 

1 was stud3dng. 
You were studying. 
He was studying. 

Future Tense 

Singular 

I shall be studying. 
You will be studying. 
He will be studying. 



Plural 



We wer,e studying. 
You were studying. 
They w^ere studying. 



Plural 



We shall be studying. 
You w^ill be studying. 
They will be studying. 



Present Perfect Tense 
Singular ♦ 



Plural 



I have been studying. 
Y^ou have been study- 
ing. 
He has been studying. 



We have been studying. 
You have been studying. 



They have been studying. 
Past Perfect Tense 



Singular 

I had been studying. 
You had been study- 
ing. 
He had been studying. 



Plural 

We had been studying. 
You had been studying. 



They had been studying. 



Future Perfect Tense 
Singular 

I shall have been 

studying. 
You will have been 

studying. 
He will have been 

studying. 



Plural 

We shall have been study- 
ing. 

You will have been study- 
ing. 

They will have been study- 
ing. 



94 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



200. Compare : — 
I 

The farmer is planting corn. 

The carpenter is building a 
house. 



II 

The corn is planted by the 
farmer. 

A house is built by a carpen- 
ter. 



Tell the voice and tense of the verbs in italics in col- 
umn I. 

Tell the voice and tense of the verbs in italics in col- 
umn II. 

Note. — The progressive verb phrases are made up of the dilfferent 
parts of the verb be and the present participle of the verb conjugated. 
The passive verb phrases are made up of the different parts of the 
verb be and the past participle of the verb conjugated. 

201. Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and 
tell the voice, tense, person, and number of each : — 

1. Mary is feeding the chickens. 

2. Sarah was milking the cows. 

3. The cow is milked every night. 

4. The fodder will be gathered before night. 

5. The children are studying their lessons. 



LXVI. EMPHATIC FORMS OF THE VERBS 



202. Compare : — 
I 

I study hard. 

I studied hard last year. 



study 
studied 



II 

I do study hard, though you 
may not believe it. 

I did study hard last year, 
though my marks did not show 
it. 

do study 
did study 



VEBB PEBASES THAT ABE TENSE PEBASES 95 

Tell the tense of the verbs in column I. 

The verb phrases do study and did study in column II 
are used to express emphasis, and for that reason are 
called emphatic verb phrases. 

LXVIL VERB PHRASES THAT ARE TENSE 

PHRASES 

203. Read : — 

I shall go to town to-morrow. 
He will go to town to-morrow. 

The future tense, shall go^ is made up of two verbs : 
shall and go (an infinitive). The first verb, shall^ is a 
helping verb ; it helps to make the future tense. Since 
shall is a helping verb, it is called an auxiliary verb. 

In the second sentence tvill is the auxiliary verb. 

Shall and will are the auxiliaries of i\iQ future tense. 

204. Read : — 

I have studied my lessons. 
He has studied his lessons. 
I had studied my lessons. 

The perfect tenses, have studied^ has studied^ and had 
studied are made up of two verbs : some tense of the verb 
have and studied (a past participle). 

Have^ has^ and had are the auxiliaries of the perfect 
tenses. 

205. Read: — 

I am loved. 
I teas loved, 
I shall he loved, etc. 

Some tense of the verb be is used as the auxiliary of the 
passive verb phrases. 



96 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

206. Read : — 

I am studying, 

I was studying, 

I shall he studying, etc. 

Some tense of the verb he is used as the auxiliary of the 
progressive verb phrases. 

207. Read: — 

I do study. 
I did study. 

Bo and did are the auxiliaries of the emphatic verb 
phrases. 

208. Pick out the auxiliary verbs in the following sen- 
tences and tell of each what it helps to make. Example : — 

He was struck by the ball. Was is an auxiliary, used to help make 
the past tense of the passive verb phrase teas struck, 

1. I shall go home to-morrow. 

2. My sister will be studying all day to-morrow. 

3. Our visitors had gone before we reached the house. 

4. I did feed the horse. 

5. I shall have completed this work long before you return. 

6. We shall know as we are known. 

7. My dog has been lying on the front piazza all the morning. 

8. I do not 1 believe what he says. 

9. I shall be back before night. 

10. The prisoner will have been executed before the pardon reaches 
him. 

11. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 

12. I have been writing all day. 

^ Not is an adverb. 



VERB PHBASES THAT ARE NOT TENSE PHRASES 97 

LVIIT. VERB PHRASES THAT ARE NOT 
TENSE PHRASES 1 



209. Compare : — 

I 

I go to the High School. 



go 



II 

I may go to college next year. 
I might go to college this year, 
if I wanted to go. 

may go 
Jiiight go 



In column II, may go and might go are not tenses of the 
verb go^ but are verb plirases made up of the auxiliaries 
may and might and the verb go (an infinitive) . 

The verb phrases may go and might go express the idea 
of possibility. 



210. Compare : — 

I 

I see only one star. 



see 



II 

I can see many stars now. 
I could see still more stars if I 
.had a telescope. 

can see 
could see 



In column II can see and could see are verb phrases 
made up of the auxiliaries can and could and the verb see 
(an infinitive). 

The verb phrases can see and could see express the idea 
of ability. 



1 These verb phrases are not to be parsed as tenses of the verb. 



98 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



211. Compare : -^ 

I 

I study my lessons every night. I must study this lesson before 

morning. 

I ought to study all my lessons 
to-night. 

study must study 

ought to study 

In column II the verb phrase must study is made up of 
the auxiliary must and the verb study (an infinitive). 

The verb phrase ought to study is made up of the auxili- 
ary ought and the verb to study (an infinitive). 

The verb phrases must study and ought to study express 
the idea of obligation. 



212. Compare : — 
I 

I go to town once a week. 



II 

I should go to town often er if 
my father would let me. 

John would go to town oftener 
if his father would let him. 



go 



should go 
I would go 

In column II the verb phrases should go and would go 
are made up of the auxiliaries should and would and the 
verb go (an infinitive). 

213. In the following sentences pick out the verb 
phrases that are not tense phrases : — 

1. We may come to see you next week. 

2. I should like to see you oftener. 

3. John can go to school if he wishes to go. 

4. " We ought to do our best at all times. 

5. You may go home now. 



WEAK AND STB ON G VERBS 



99 



LXIX. WEAK AND STRONG VERBS 



214. Compare: — 



Weak Verbs 



I 

I ivalk to town every day. 
I love my^ father. 
We mean to do right. 



II 

I walked to town yesterday. 
Jonathan loved David. 
We meant to go to town yester- 
day, but were disappointed. 



In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 



Present Tense 

walk 

love 

mean 



Past Tense 

walkec? 

loYed 

mean^ 



Note that the past tense is made by adding something 
(ed^ 6?, or t} to the verb. 

Verbs that form the past tense by adding _ed, c?, or t to 
the present tense are said to be of the weak conjugation. 



Strong Verbs 



215. Compare: — 

I 

I ride my pony, every day. 

I ring the bell for school every 
morning. 

I know all the boys in school. 



II 

I rode my pony to town yester- 
day. 

I rang the bell too late yester- 
day. 

I knew all the boys in school 
last year. 



In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 



100 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

Present Tense Past Tense 
Tide rode 

rmg rang 

know kn(?w 

Note that the vowel in the past tense is different from 
the vowel in the present tense ; and that nothing is added 
to the present tense to make the past tense. 

A verb that forms the past tense by changing the vowel 
of the present tense, without the addition of an ending, is 
said to be of the strong conjugation. 

Verbs of the weak conjugation are called weak verbs. 

Verbs of the strong conjugation are called strong verbs. 

How is the past tense of weak verbs made? 

How is the past tense of strong verbs made? 

216. In the following sentences change the present 
tense to the past tense, and tell whether the verbs are 
weak verbs or strong verbs : — 

1. I kno\Y my lessons to-day. 

2. I receive a letter every day. 

3. My brother plants his peas very early. 

4. I see two men on the house. 

5. I run faster than my brother. 

6. We play ball every afternoon. 

7. We lose nothing by doing right. 

LXX. THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB 

217. Compare: — 



I 
The tree planted by my father 
is growing. 



II 

The fruit grown in our orchard 
is good. 



In column I what part of the verb is the word in italics ? 
In column II what part of the verb is the word in italics ? 



THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB 101 





Weak Verb 




^resent Tense 


Past Tense 


Past Participle 


plant 


planted 


planted 



Note. — ThQ past participle of the weak verb has the same form 
as the past tense. 



218. 


Strong Verb 




Present Tense 


Past Tense 


Past Participle 


fall 


fell 


fallen 


grow 


grew 


grown 


sing 


sang 


sung 



Note. — The past participle of the strong verb ends in -en or -n 
(fallen, grown) ; or it has no ending (sung) . 

If we know the present tense, the past tense, and the 
past participle of a verb, we can make the full conjugation 
of the verb. 

The present tense, the past tense, and the past participle 
are called the principal parts of a verb. 

219. Fill in the following blanks with the right forms 
of the verb sing : — 

I now (present tense). 

I yesterday (past tense) . 

I have every day this week (past participle). 

Note that the three forms put into the blanks are the 
principal parts of the verb sing. 

Fill in the above blanks with the right forms of the 
following verbs, and tell whether the verb is weak or 
strong : — • 

run sing begin hope 

come play invite ride 



102 ENGLISH GEAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

220. Pick out the verbs in tiie following sentences ; 
give the principal parts of each, and tell whether it is 
weak or strong : — 

1. I sang in the choir yesterday. 

2. John took his books home. 

3. The cow jumped over the moon. 

4. The little dog laughed. 

5. The mouse ran up the clock. 

6. The clock struck one. 

7. But he lost the bag, and spilled the snuff, 
So take that cuff, and that's enough. 

8. He sang Cock Robin's love 

To pretty Jenny Wren, 
And when he came unto the end 
Then he began again. 

LXXI. WEAK VERBS 1 

221. Compare : — 



I 

I bring my lunch to school 
every day. 

We catch as many rabbits as 
we can. 

We buy our powder and shot. 



II 

I brought my lunch to school 
yesterday. 

Henry caught two rabbits 
yesterday. 

We bought our powder and 
shot. 



In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 

Present Tense Past Tense 

bring brought 

catch caught 

buy bought 

1 See appendix for list of strong verbs. 



WEAK VERBS 



103 



These verbs show a change in the vowel,^ and for that 
reason would seem to be strong; but the added t shows 
that they are weak verbs. 

Some other weak verbs that have a change of vowel : — 



Present Tense 


Past Tense 


Past Participle 


tell 


told 


told 


sell 


sold 


sold 


seek 


sought 


sought 


teach 


taught 


taught 


think 


thought 


thought 


222. Compare: — 






I 






II 



I sleep well. 

I keep my room in good order. 

Ifeel very well to-day. 



I slept too much last night. 
I kept my place at the head of 
the class for two months. 
Ifelt very bad yesterday. 



In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 



Present Tense 

sleep 
keep 
feel 



Past Tense 

slept 
kept 
felt 



In these v^rbs there is no real change of vowel; the 
change is from the long sound (sk^p) to the short sound 
(skpt) of the same vowel. The past tense is formed by 
the addition of t. 



1 This change of the vowel is not the change that marks the past tense 
in strong verbs. The change is caused by the operation of another law of 
language. 



104 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



Some of the weak verbs that show a change in the length 
of the vowel, but have the addition of ^ or 6?; — 



Present Tense 


Past Tense 


Past Participle 


creep 


crept 


crept 


deal 


dealt 


dealt 


flee 


fled 


fled 


hear 


heard 


heard 


kneel 


knelt 


knelt 


leave 


left 


left 


lose 


lost 


lost 


mean 


meant 


meant 


sweep 


swept 


swept 


weep 


wept 


wept 


shoe 


shod 


shod 



LXXII. WEAK VERBS — Continued 
223. Compare: — 



I meet John every morning. 
J feed the chickens every day. 



IT 

I met John yesterday. 

Ifed the chickens yesterday. 



In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 



Present Tense 

meet 
feed 



Past Tense 

met 
fed 



These verbs have lost the ending that showed them to 
be weak verbs. 

Some other weak verbs that show a change in the 
length of the vowel, but have lost the weak ending: — 



WEAK VERBS 




Past Tense 


Past Participle 


bled 


bled 


bred 


bred 


led 


led 


read 


\ read 


sped 


sped 



105 



Present Tense 
- bleed 
breed 
lead 
read 
speed 

224. Compare: — 
I 

I send part of my wages to my 
sister. 

I spend very little money on 
my clothes. 

In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 



II 

I sent my sister ten dollars last 
week. 

I spent twenty dollars on my 
clothes last year. 



Present Tense Past Tense 

send sent 

spend spent 

In these verbs the weak ending has been lost, resulting 
in a change of final d to t. 

Some other weak verbs of this kind are: — 



resent Tense 


Past Tense 


Past Participle 


bend 


bent 


bent 


lend 


lent 


lent 


build 


built 


built 


rend 


rent 


rent 



225. Compare: — 
I 

I put my books in my satchel 
every morning. 

My hands liurt now. 

In column I what is the tense of the verbs ? 
In column II what is the tense of the verbs ? 



II 

I put two dollars in the bank 
yesterday. 

My hands hurt yesterday. 



106 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



Present Tense 

put 
hurt 



Past Tense 

put 
hurt 



In these verbs the ending has been lost, without further 
change. 

Some other weak verbs of this kind are: — 



Present Tense 


Past Tense 


Past Participle 


cast 


cast 


cast 


cost 


cost 


cost 


cut 


cut 


cut 


hit 


hit 


hit 


let 


let 


let 


rid 


rid 


rid 


set 


set 


set 


shed 


shed 


shed 


shut 


shut 


shut 


slit 


slit 


slit 


split 


split 


split 


spread 


spread 


spread 



226. Give the principal parts of the following verbs, 
and tell whether they are strong or weak : — 



lend bring 


sit 


sleep hear fall 


find buy 


set 


laugh burst feed 


grow catch 


teach 


hold come need 


speak choose 


lay 


fight eat sell 


LXXIII. INFINITIVES 


— TENSE AND VOICE 


227. Compare : — 


- 




I 




II 


To see these friends 


is a great 


To have seen my friends is a 


easure. 




great satisfaction, 



INFINITIVES — TENSE AND VOICE 



107 



In column I to see is called the present infinitive. 

In column II to have seen is called the perfect infinitive, 

Note. — The perfect infnitive always contains the auxiliary have. 

228. In the following sentences pick out |;he infinitives 
and tell the tense of each : — 

1. To teach is to learn. 

2. To have done right was a great satisfaction to him. 

3. It w^ould have cost him his life to have made a false step. 

4. I believe now that I ought to have gone home sooner. 



229. Compare: — 
I 

I wish to see my friends. 

T'o have seen my friends before 
they saw me was a great satisfac- 
tion. 



II 



I do not wish to he seen to-day. 

To have been seen by niy friends 
before I saw them was a great 
disappointment to me. 

In which column are the infinitives in the passive voice ? 



230. Note the active and the passive iorms of the 
infinitive : — 



Active Voice 

Present, to see. 
Perfect, to have seen. 

231. Compare: — 
I 

He likes to s^e new things. 



He ought to have seen about our 
trunks before the train came. 



Passive Voice 

Present, to be seen. 
Perfect, to have been seen. 



II 



He likes to he seeing new things 
all the time. 

He ought to have heen seeing 
about our trunks while we were 
waiting. 

In column II to he seeing is the present infinitive., pro- 
gressive form. To have heen seeing is the perfect infinitive., 
progressive form. 



108 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



232. Note the progressive forms of the infinitive : — 

Present, to be seeing. 
Perfect, to have been seeing. 

233. In the following sentences pick out the infinitives 
and tell the voice and tense of each : — 

1. You ought to come to see us. 

2. You ought to have come to see us yesterday. 

3. You ought to be studying your lessons. 

4. To be awakened suddenly is not a pleasant sensation. 

5. I am sorry to have to tell you that you are wrong. 

6. My father said that we ought to have been whipped for running 
away. 

7. They had but to lift their eyes, and there it was plainly to be 
seen. 

8. To have been told the truth by you is a great comfort. 

9. John ought to have known his lessons to-day ; he ought to have 
been studying last night while he was playing. 



LXXIV. KINDS OF PARTICIPLES 



234. Compare : — 
I 

I saw several shooting stars. 

The child has a charming face. 



II 

The stars, shooting across the 
heavens, left a stream of light. 
I saw a snake charming a bird. 



In column I what part of speech are the words in italics ? 
In column II what part of speech are the words in italics ? 



235. Compare : — 

I 

John, believing that his life was 
in danger, left the building. 

The hunter, fearing that his 
dogs would be lost, returned 
home. 



II 

Believing that his life was in 
danger, John left the building. 

Fearing that his dogs would 
be lost, the hunter returned home. 



KINDS OF PARTICIPLES 109 

In column I what do the participles modify ? 

In column II the participles modify the same words 
that they modify in column I : believing modifies John^ and 
fearing modifies hunter, 

Note. — The participle is often separated from the word it modifies. 

236. In the following sentences pick out the participles, 
and tell what each modifies : — 

1. The child, sobbhig as if its heart would break, ran to its mother. 

2. Yelling with delight, the children ran into the house. 

3. This is the man, all tattered and torn, that kissed the maiden. 

4. We saw the boy running across the lawn. 

5. Frightened by the bears. Goldilocks jumped out of the window. 

6. Words spoken in anger are often regretted. 

7. Stormed at with shot and shell 
Boldly they rode and well. 

8. And children coming home from school 
Look in at the open door. 

9. Making a low bow, he left the room. 

10. Feared by all, he feared none. 

11. His schoolhouse was a low building of one large room, rudely 
constructed of logs. 



237. Compare : — 
I 

I saw the horses ivorking in 
the field. 

I saw the boys catching rabbits. 



II 

The horses, having icorked all 
day, were tired. 

The boys, having caught enough 
rabbits, went home. 



In column I the words in italics are present participles. 
In column II having worked and having caught are perfect 
participles. 



110 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



238. Compare : — 

I 

John, heating William in the 
race by a few yards, runs in 
ahead. 

The horses standing at the gate 
belong to my brother. 

The boy carrying his books 
under his arm is mv brother. 



II 

William, heing beaten in the 
race, comes in last. 

The dog, being driven from the 
room, stood at the door. 

The game being played now is 
one we learned last week. 

In column I what kind of participles are the Avords in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

In column II heing beaten^ heing driven^ and heing played 
are ijresent participles in the passive voice. What does 
each modify ? 

239. Read: — 

William, beaten in the race by John, came in last. 
The game played this morning was a new game. 

The participles heaten and played are past participles^ 
and are in the passive voice. 



II 

William, having been beaten in 
the race, lost the prize. 

The horses, having been driven 
too hard, Avere sick. 



240. Compare : — 

I 

John, having beaten William in 
the race, won the prize. 

The coachman, having driven 
the horses too hard, was dismissed. 

The participles in column I are perfect participles in 
the active voice-. What does each modify ? 

In column II having heen heaten and haviyig heen driven 
are perfect participles in the passive voice. 

241. Note the active and the passive forms of the 
participle : — 



KINDS OF ADVERBS 111 

Active Passive 

Present, beating. Present, being beaten. 

Past, beaten.^ Past, beaten. 

Perfect, having beaten. Perfect, having been, beaten. 

242. In the following sentences pick out the participles ; 
tell the kind and voice of each, and what each modifies. 

Remember, in verb phrases, as was struck^ were coming^ 
etc., it is better not to separate into verb and participle. 

1. Having heard of the sickness of our sister, we went home as 
soon as possible. 

2. Our brother, being delayed by bad roads, did not get home as 
soon as we. 

3. Having been sent for the day before, the physician was already 
in the house. 

4. Being disabled by his wound, the general could not go into the 
battle. 

5. Milton, having learned that his country was at war, returned 
home. 

6. Truth crushed to earth will rise again. 

LXXV. KINDS OF ADVERBS 

243, Compare : — 

I 

The train will come soon. 

We must go now. 

The train has come already. 

What part of speech are the words in italics in both 
columns ? Wha.t does each modify ? 

In which column do the adverbs express time? 
In which column do the adverbs express p?a(?6 .^ 

1 In the active voice only when a part of perfect tenses in the active 
voice : he has beaten. 



II 

The train will stop here. 
You must stand there. 
The train is coming hack. 



112 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

244. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs of 
time and tell what each modifies : — 

1. You must come with us right now. 

2. The carriage has come already. 

3. My father will be here soon. 
4. ' My brother came late. 

5. All the company will come presently. 

6. We shall never see our friend again. 

7. The cat ate the rat quickly. 

8. When are you going ? 

9. Have you ever seen this person before? 
10. The children must go immediately. 

245. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs of 
place and tell what each modifies : — 

1. Who lives here ? 

2. Where do you live ? 

3. The child ran back. 

4. The passengers went below. 

5. AVe shall get there before night. 

246. Compare : — 



I 

The train C2ime fast. 
The wagon comes slowly. 
The bird sings sweetly. 



II 

The train came too fast. 
The wagon comes very slowly. 
My friend called twice. 
My brother is entirely well. 

In column I the adverbs tell liow., and are called adverbs 
of manner. 

In column II what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

Tliese adverbs tell how mucJi.^ and are called adverbs of 
degree. 

247. In the following sentence pick out the adverbs of 
manner, and tell what each modifies : — 



KINDS OF ADVERBS 113 

1. You must run rapidly. 

2. John walks slowly. 

3. You must spell the word correctly. 

4. She speaks pleasantly to all. 

5. The children behaved badly. 

248. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs of 
degree, and tell what each modifies : — 

1. This train runs too fast. 

2. My sister is now entirely well. 

3. She was a very sick girl. 

4. She recovered very slowly. 

5. The boy came only once. 

249. Read: — 

This is, perhaps^ the last time I shall see* you. 
Certainly, he ought to go. 

We cannot, therefore, believe what has been told us. 
I believe, Jiowever, that you are wrong. 

The adverbs perhaps^ certainly^ therefore^ however^ and 
others of this kind, modify the whole statement^ and are 
called general adverbs. 

250. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs, 
and tell what each modifies : — 

1. The shades of eve came slowly down. 

2. Come near and speak clearly. 

3. 1 shall, however, do what I promised to do. 

4. This boy has a very large head. 

5. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 

6. My father is quite well now. 

7. This boy laughs too much. 

8. He folded his arms and thus he spoke. 

9. The dog barked most fiercely. 
10. His story is too true. 



114 



ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 



LXXVI. ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES 



IT 

The prisoner fought hard. 

The eagle flies high. 
The train runs fast. 



251. Compare : — 

I 

The prisoner made a hai^d fight 
for his life. 

We climbed a high hill. 
These sue fast colors. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

In column II what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

Note. — The same word is sometimes an adjective and sometimes 
an adverb. 

252. In the following sentences tell whether the words 
in italics are adjectives or adverbs. What does each 

modify ? 

1. This is a hard ex'ample. 

2. My brother come too late. 

3. We have some nice late apples. 

4. Try to do your work in the best way. 

5. William gave his sister the best orsmge. 

6. To-night we shall see the full moon. 

7. The young man went into a/ar country. 

8. The horses have traveled /an 

9. Some birds fly low. 

10. AVe came to a low fence. 



253. Compare : — 
I 

She has a lovely face. 
She walks with a queenly air. 
He spoke to ^ me in a kindly 
manner. 



TI 

The birds sing siceetly. 
The wagon moves slowly. 
We saw the light distinctly. 



COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 115 

Note that all the words in italics end in -ly. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? 

In column II what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What does each modify ? ' 

Many adverbs end in -ly ; but not all words that end in 
-l^ are adverbs, 

254. In the following sentences pick out the words that 
end in -ly and tell what part of speech each is. Tell what 
each modifies : — 

1. A kindly heart had brave Fitz- James. 

2. This boy is a manly fellow. 

3. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 

4. The murderer struck his victim a deadly blow, 

5. We could scarcely hear the w^ords. 

6. We must go to his rescue quickly. 

7. He walks with a kingly air. 

8. William is not very friendly. 

9. The boy was an only son. 

LXXVII. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 

255. Compare: — 

I II 

Mary is pretty. Birds fly high. 

Sarah is prettier than her sis- Some birds fly higher than 

ter. others. 

Anne is the prettiest girl in Do you know which bird flies 

school. highest f 

In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? In what degree of comparison is each ? 

In column II what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? In what degree of comparison is each ? 

i^OTE. — Adverbs are compared just as adjectives are. 



116 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



256. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs 
and tell what each modifies: — 

1. My brother can spell better than I can. 

2. I feel worse to-day than I did yesterday, 

3. A good many people talk too much. 

4. John works more carefully than William. 

5. My horse can run faster than yours. 

6. This girl dresses more extravagantly than she ought to dress. 

7. An old woman immediately appeared at the gate. As the 
moonlight fell strongly upon her, I had a full view of a little, primi- 
tive dame. 

8. It was really delightful to see the old squire seated in his 
hereditary elbow chair by the hospitable fireplace of his ancestors, 
and looking around him like the sun of a system, beaming warmth 
and gladness to every heart. Even the dog that lay stretched at his 
feet, as he lazily shifted his position and yawned, would look fondly 
up in his master's face, wag his tail against the floor, and stretch him- 
self again to sleep, confident of kindness and protection. There is an 
emanation from the heart in genuine hospitality which cannot be 
described, but is immediately felt. 



LXXVIII. ADVERB PHRASES 



257. Compare: — 

I 

You must stand Jiere. 
You must come early. 
You must walk noiselessly. 



here 

early 

noiselessly 



II 

You must stand in this place. 
You must come hefore day. 
You must walk without noise, 

in this place 
before day 
without noise 



In column I what part of speech are the words 
italics ? What does each modify ? 



m 



ADVERB PHRASES 117 

In column II in this place is a preposition phrase 
and modifies stand ; before day is a preposition phrase and 
modifies come; without noise is a preposition phrase and 
modifies walk. 

Preposition phrases that modify verbs are qalled adverb 
phraseSo 



258. Compare o- — 

I 

The mother is proud. 

The father is /o?2C?. 
He is not free. 



II 

The mother is proud of her 
daughter. 

The father is fond of his chil- 
dren. 

He is not Ireefrom the law. 



In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? 

In column II what do the preposition phrases modify ? 

Preposition phrases that modify adjectives are called 
adverb phrases. 

259. In tlie following sentences pick out the adverb 
phrases and tell what each modifies : — 

1. You must remain in the house. 

2. The old clock stood on the stair. 
di My father is good to his children. 

4. The cow jumped over the moon. 

5. The teacher is kind to the pupils. 

6. The boy was playing in the road. 

7. The child is afraid of strangers. 

8. The father is proud of his children. 

9. She went to the tailor's 
To buy him a coat. 



118 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 



260. Compare: — 

I 
You must stand in this place. 

You must come he/ore day. 

You must stand in line. 



II 

You must stand exactly in this 
place. 

You must come just before 
day. 

You must stand precisely in 
line. 



In column I what do the phrases modify ? 
In column II the adverbs in italics modify the adverb 
phrases. 

Note. — Adverbs may modify adverb phrases. 

261. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs 
that modify phrases and tell what phrase each modifies: — 

1. He was shot straight through the heart. 

2. John struck the mark exactly in the middle. 

3. Supper was announced shortly after our arrival. 

4. The battle was fought just before sunrise. 



LXXIX. ADVERB CLAUSES 



262. Compare: — 
I 

You must stand in this place. 

You must come before day. 

My brother came in the afternoon. 

in this place 

before day 

in the afternoon 



n 

You must stand lohere I put you. 
You must come when I call you. 
My brother came while I was out, 

where I put you 
ichen I call you 
ichile I was out 



In column I the groups of words are phrases. 
In column II the groups of words are clauses. 
does each clause modify ? 



What 



ADVERB CLAUSES 119 



263. Compare: — 

I 

Where did I put you ? 

When did I call you ? 
Read : — 



II 

You must stand where I put 
you. 

You must come when I call 
youo 



I did put you 

\ 

where f 

What part of speech is where ? 

What does it modify ? 

Read : — 

You must stand 



where I put you. 

The adverb clause wJiere I put you modifies the verb 
must stand. 

Where joins its clause to the verb must standi so where 
is partly a conjunction. 

Where modifies the verb put., so where is partly an adverb. 

Words used like where., both as conjunction and adverb, 
are called conjunctive adverbs. 

264. In the following sentences tell whether the words 
in italics are conjunctive adverbs or interrogative adverbs : — 

1. H^ was found where he fell. 

2. Where are you going? 

3. Where shall I find you ? 

4. I shall come when you are ready for me. 

5. When shall we three meet again ? 

6. This shoemaker will mend your shoes while you wait. 

7. He told us why he did not come. 

8. Why did you wait so long ? 



120 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

265. In the following sentences tell whether the groups 
of words in italics are phrases or clauses and what each 

modifies: — 

1. My brother came iiito the house, 

2. He came in when it begem to rain. 

3. My father built a house m the city, 

4. The cow jumped ove?^ the moon, 

5. We stayed until the game loas over. 

6. The battle was fought in the morning, 

7. The battle was fought before the sun rose, 

8. He went because his father told him to go. 

266. In the following sentences pick out the adverbs^ 
adverb phrases,, and adverb clauses,, and tell what each 
modifies:-— 

1. When shall I see you again? 

2. I will meet you in the morning if I can. 

3. Perhaps I shall bring John with me. 

4. You must do the work now. 

5. The arrow passed entirely through his body. 

6. Why do you think so ? 

7. How will he do it ? 

8. We must, therefore, do what we think is right. 

9. Here the enemy made their last stand. 

10. Are you quite sure ? Yes.^ 

11. I shall, indeed, have nothing more to do with the matter. 

12. I must. see him when he comes. 

13. She is much better now. 

14. We must go home.^ 

15. I shall go home to-morrow. 

16. The storm came up suddenly. 

17. The dog had a bird in its mouth. 

18. He came to me when I called him. 

19. T would do it if I had time. 

1 Yes and no are classed as adverbs. 

^ Home is an adverb ; it modifies must go. 



QUESTIONS IN REVIEW 121 

20. One taste provoked another ; and he reiterated his visits to 
the flagon so often that at length his senses were overpowered ; his 
eyes swam in his head, his head gradually declined, and he fell into a 
deep sleep. 

267. LXXX. QUESTIONS IN REVIEW 

1. Decline boy ; lady ; man ; son-in-law. 

2. Decline the third personal pronoun. 

3. What is the subject of a sentence ? 

4. What is the predicate of a sentence? 

5. What parts of speech may adverbs modify? 

6. Write the plural of the following words : piano ; valley ; 
negro; man-of-war; Charles; ox. 

7. Write a sentence containing a demonstrative pronoun as 
subject. 

8. Write a sentence containing ivhat as a relative pronoun. 

9. What is the difference between a phrase and a clause? 

10. What are transitive verbs? 

11. Can an intransitive verb be in the passive voice? Give reason 
for answer. 

12. How is the passive verb phrase made? 

13. What is the subject in the following sentence : Come into the 
house, children. 

14. What double nature has the infinitive? 

15. What double nature has the participle ? 

16. What auxiliaries are used to make future tenses ? 

17. What auxiliary is used to make perfect tenses ? 

18. How are the progressive verb phrases made ? 

19. How are the emphatic verb phrases made? 

20. What are weak verbs? 

21. What are strong verbs? 

22. What are the principal parts of a verb ? 

23. Why are these parts called the principal parts ? 

24. Write all the forms of the infinitive. 

25. Write all the forms of the participle. 

26. Write a sentence containing a conjunctive adverb. 

27. Write a sentence containing this used as a pronoun. 



122 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

28. Write a sentence containing this used as an adjective. 

29. Write a sentence containing an adverb phrase. 

30. Write a sentence containing an adjective clause. 

Let the teacher continue this exercise. 
Have the pupil make a synopsis of the verb. 



LXXXI. REVIEW — Continued 

In the following sentences pick out the transitive verbs ; 
give the principal parts of each verb, and tell whether it is 
a weak verb or a strong verb : — 

Morning, noon, and night her tongue was incessantly going, and 
everything he said or did was sure to produce a torrent of household 
eloquence. Rip had but one way of repl^^ing to all lectures of the 
kind, and that, by frequent use, had grown into a habit. He shrugged 
his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 
This, however, always provoked a fresh volley from his wife, so 
that he was fain to draw off his forces, and take to the outside of 
the house — the only side which, in truth, belongs to a hen-pecked 
husbando 



PART ill 

The object of Part III is to show each part of speech in its 
relation to other words ; to show how each part of 
speech is used in the sentence. 

LXXXII. THE NOMINATIVE CASE — 
PREDICATE NOUNS 



268. Compare: — 
I 

David killed Goliath. 



II 

Goliath was a giant. 



In column I is the verb transitive or intransitive ? 
What is the object ? 

Note. — The subject (David) and the object (Goliath) are different 
persons. 

In column II is the verb transitive or intransitive ? 

If we should say simply, Groliath was^ the thought would 
not be complete ; we complete the predicate was by adding 
the noun giant. This gives a complete thought : Goliath 
was a giant. 

Note. — The completing word giant means the same thing as the 
subject. 

When a noun completes the predicate and means the 
same thing as the subject, it is called a predicate noun. 
A predicate noun is usually ^ in the nominative case, 

1 See page 213, sentence 19. 
123 



124 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

269. Read: — 

Washington became Presideyit, 
Edward was made king. 

In what case are the words in italics ? Why ? 

270. In the following sentences pick out the predicate 

nouns., and tell the case of each : — 

Example : — 

Washington became President. 

Pi^esident is a predicate noun in the nominative case ; 
it completes the predicate and means the same thing as 
the subject. 

1. The small acorn became a great oak. 

2. General Jackson was called " Old Hickory." 

3. A good boy will become a good man. 

4. The Great Stone Face was a work of nature. 

5. A foolish son is the heaviness of his father. 

6. Taffy was a thief. 

7. Dr. Faustus was a good man. 

8. Dr. Franklin was a great genius. 

LXXXIII. NOUN IN APPOSITION 

271. Compare : — 



I 

Goliath was killed by David. 



n 

Goliath, the giant, was killed 
by David. 

In column I in what case is the word in italics ? Why ? 

In column II the word giant is placed after the word 
Goliath to explain it. 

When a noun is placed after another noun to explain it, 
the noun so placed is said to be in apposition with the 
noun it follows. 

Note. — Look up the meaning of the word apposition. 



NOUN IN APPOSITION 



126 



The noun giant is in apposition with the noun Groliath. 

The noun giant is in the nominative case because it is in 
apposition with the noun Croliath^ which is in the nomina- 
tive ease. 



272. Compare : — - 
I 

Washington was a good Presi- 
dent. 

Shakespeare was a great poet. 



II 

Washington, the President, was 
a good man. 

Shakespeare, the poet, was born 
at Stratford-on-Avon. 



In column I in what case are the words in italics? 
Why ? 

In column II in what case are the words in italics ? 
Why ? 



273. Compare : — 
I 

The people loved Washington. 

Everybody loves Scott. 
David killed Goliath. 



II 

The people loved Washington, 
the President. 

Everybody loves Scott, the 
novelist. 

David killed Goliath, the giant. 



In column I in what case are the words in italics ? 
Why ? 

In column II the nouns in italics are in the objective 
case., because the nouns with which they are in apposition 
are in the objective case. 

274. In the following sentences pick out the nouns in 
apposition., and tell the case of each : — 

1. Longfellow, the poet, is loved by everybody. 

2. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, a tragedy. 



126 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

3. John Milton, the author of Paradise Lost, was blind. 

4. The Earl of Essex, the favorite of Queen Elizabeth, was be- 
headed. 

5. Dryden, the poet, lived in London, the chief city of England. 

6. Robert Burns, a Scottish plowboy, wrote many beautiful songs. 



LXXXIV. NOMINATIVE OF ADDRESS AND 
NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE 

275. Compare: — 
' I 

John is wrong. 

William brought the wrong 
book. 

James shut the door. 



II 

John, you are wrong. 
William, you have brought the 
wrong book. 

James, shut ^ the door. 



In column I in what case are the words in italics ? 
Why ? 

In column II the words in italics are not subjects ; they 
are used to address the persons spoken to. Words used in 
this way are in the nominative case, called the nominative 
of address. 

276. In the following sentences pick out each noun in 
the nominative case; tell why it is in the nominative 

case : — 

1. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. 

2. Plato, thou reasonest well. 

3. Lochiel, Lochiel, beware of the day 

When the Lowlands shall meet thee in battle array. 

4. Mr. President, I rise to a point of order. 

5. Come back, come back, Horatius. 

1 Shut is in the imperative mood ; the subject is you understood. 



NOMINATIVE OF ADDEESS 



127 



277. Compare : — 

I 

The teacher was absent and his 
class was dismissed. 

The father was dead, and the 
mother had all the care of the 
children. 



II 

The teacher being absent, his 
class was dismissed. 

The father bbing dead, the 
mother had all the care of the 
children. 



In column I in what case are the words in italics ? 
Why? 

In column II the words in italics are not the subject of 
being ; being is a participle and cannot take a subject. 

The group of words, the teacher being absent^ is called 
an absolute phrase^ and the noun teacher is said to be used 
absolutely. This means that the noun teacher is not the 
subject of anything, nor the object of anything. 

A noun used absolutely is in the nominative case, called 
the nominative absolute. 

Note. — The nominative absolute is always followed by a participle, 
either expressed or understood. 

Examples : — ^ 

The door being open, we went in. 
The war over, the soldiers returned. 
(The war being over.) 



278. In each of the following sentences pick out the 
nominative absolute : — 

1. Night coming on, the two armies ceased to fight. 

2. The time being short, we were in a great hurry. 

3. The sun having risen, the army was put in motion. 

4. The children came running in, their hands covered with mud. 

5. Sword in hand, the captain led the way. 



128 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

LXXXV. USES OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE 

279. The nominative case may be : — 

1. Subject of a verb : — 

David killed Goliath. 

2. Predicate noun^ completing the predicate and mean- 
ing the same thing as the subject : — 

Goliath was a giant, 

3. In apposition with another noun in the nominative 
case, joined to it to explain it : ^ — 

Washington, the Pi^esidenf, was a good man. 

4. Nominative of address^ a noun used in direct 

address : — 

John, you have brought the wrong book. 

6. Nominative absolute, a noun in an absolute phrase : — 

The teacher being absent, his class was dismissed. 

280. In the following sentences pick out the nouns in 
the nominative case and tell what use of the nominative 
each has : — 

1. The great men of the neighborhood were there on horsebacke 

2. Ernest became a noble man. 

3. He is the very image of the Great Stone Face. 

4. The crowd having passed by, Ernest was left alone. 

5. Fear not, Ernest, the man will come. 

6. Drawn by four horses, a carriage dashed round the turn of the 
road. 

7. Lord Angus, thou hast lied. 

8. Sir Walter Scott, the novelist, built a beautiful home on the 
Tweed. 

9. Burned Marmion's swarthy cheeks like fire 
And shook his very frame for ire. 

10. America is the '* Land of the Free." 



THE OBJECTIVE CASE 



129 



LXXXVI. THE OBJECTIVE CASE — DIRECT 
AND INDIRECT OBJECT 



28L Compare : — 
I 

The farmer bought two horses. 

Jacob loved his son. 



n 

The farmer gave his horses a 
good dinner, 

Jacob gave his son a coat of 
many colors. 



In column I in what case are the words in italics ? 
Why ? 

In column II in what case are the words in italics ? 
Why? 

In both columns the objects are direct objectSo 



282o Compare : — 

I 

The farmer gave a good dinner 
to his horses. 

Jacob gave a coat of many 
colors to his son. 



n 

The farmer gave his horses a 
good dinner. 

Jacob gave his son a coat of 
many colors. 



In column I in what case are the words in italics? 
Why? 

What is the, direct object of the verb in each sentence ? 

In column II what is the direct object of .the verb in 
each sentence ? 

Horses is called the indirect object of the verb gave. 

Son is called the indirect object of the verb gave. 

Note. — We can always put in to or for before the indirect olject 
without changing the meaning of the sentence. 



130 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 



283. Compare : — 
I 

Jacob gave a coat to his son. 



II 

Jacob gave his son a coat. 



In column I son is in the objective case, object of the 
preposition to. 

In column II so7i is in the objective case, indirect object 
of the verb gave, 

284. In the following sentences pick out the nouns in 
the objective case, and tell what use of tiie objective case 

each has : — 

1. I walked to town yesterday. 

2. John lent his knife to his brother. 

3. The tailor made my brother a coat. 

4. Sarah stands at the head of her class, 

5. William sent his sister a box of candy. 

LXXXVII. ADVERBIAL OBJECTIVE 

285. Compare: — 



I 

John walked /ar. 



II 

John walked a mile. 



In column I what part of speech is the word in italics ? 
What does it modify ? 

In column II what part of speech is the word in italics ? 
Is walked a trayisitive or an intransitive verb ? Can mile be 
the object of walked? The word mile tells how. far John 
walked. It modifies walked by telling how far. If the 
noun mile modifies the verb walked, then the noun mile 
must be used like an adverb, for nothing but an adverb 
can modify a verb. 

When a noun is used like an adverb, it is in the objec- 
tive case, and is called an adverbial objective^ 



ADVERBIAL OBJECTIVE 131 

286. Read: — 

The speaker talked an hour. 

Hour is an adverbial objective and modifies talked. 

The war lasted a year. 
Year is an adverbial objective and modifies tasted. 

287. Compare: — 

n 



This man is old. 
This tree is high. 



This man is fifty years old. 
This tree is twenty /ee^ high. 



In column I what part of speech is each word in italics ? 
What does each modify ? 

In^column 11 jifty years tells how old.^ 

1. Years is a noun in the objective case, an adverbial 
objective, and modifies old ; jifty is an adjective and modi- 
fies the noun years, 

2. Twenty feet tells how high. Feet is a noun in the 
objective case, an adverbial objective, and modifies high; 
twenty is an adjective and modifies the lioxxnifeet. 

288. In the following sentences pick out the nouns in 
the objective case and tell what use of the objective case 
each has : — 

1. David killed Goliath. 

2. David, the boy, killed Goliath, the giant. 

3. William gave his father a Christmas present. 

4. The children were playing games in the yard. 

5. The girls were playing a new game, basket-ball. 

6. Look on the map for the city of New York, the largest city in 
America. 

7. This ditch is five feet deep. 

8. The train ran a mile a minute. 



132 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

LXXXVIII. OBJECTIVE PREDICATE NOUN 
289. Compare: — 



I 

Charles was made king. 



II 

The people made Charles king. 



In column I in what case is the word in italics ? Why ? 
In column II in what case is the noun Charles ? Why? 
The noun king completes the predicate ; the idea made 
king can be put in one word — crowned. 
The people crowned Charles. 

[made king] 

The noun king^ in addition to completing the predicate, 
means the same thing as the object Charles. 

A noun that completes the predicate and means the 
same thing as the object is in the objective case, and is 
called the objective predicate noun. 

290. Compare : — 



I 

Washington was a good Presi- 
dent. 

My dog is named Carlo. 
Mary was chosen queen. 



II 

The people made Washington 
President. 

I call my dog Carlo. 

The pupils chose Mary queen. 

In column I in what case are the words in italics ? Why? 
In column II in wdiat case are the words in italics ? 
Why? 

LXXXIX. USES OF THE OBJECTIVE CASE — 

SUMMARY 

291. The objective case may be used : — 
1. As direct object of the verb : — 
David killed Goliath, 



USES OF THE OBJECTIVE CASE — SUMMARY 133 

2. As indirect object of the verb : — 

Jacob gave his son a coat of many colors. 

3. As an adverbial objective^ modifying the verb and 
expressing time^ distance^ etc. 

Oscar walked a mile. 

4. As objective predicate noun^ completing the predi- 
cate and meaning the same thing as the object : — 

The people made Charles king, 

5. As object of a preposition : — 

We went to town yesterday. 

6. In apposition with another noun in the objective 

case : — 

David killed Goliath, the gianto 

292. In the following sentences pick out the nouns in 
the objective case, and tell what use of the objective case 
each has : — 

1. He spent his childhood in the log cottage where he was born, 
and was dutiful to his mother, and helpful to her in many things, 
assisting her much with his little hands, and more with his loving 
heart. 

2. The Great Stone Face made Ernest a great man. 

3. One afternoon, when the sun was going down, a mother and 
her little boy sat at the door of their cottage, talking about the Great 
Stone Face. 

4. The train ran sixty miles an hour. 

5. The boys made Henry their leader. 

6. This book cost a dollar. 

7. The^ pupil gave the teacher a bunch of roses. 

8. My brother is ten years old. 

9. They named the boy Charles. 
10. My father is six feet high. 



184 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

XC. THE POSSESSIVE CASE 
293. Compare : — 

I n 



This house is mj father's. 
Get some bread from the 
baker's. 



This is mj father's house. 
Get some bread from the 
baker's shop. 

In column I in what case are the words in italics ? 
What does each modify ? 

In column II in what case are the words in italics? 
Father s modifies house understood. Baker's modifies 
shop understood. 

XCI. PARSING OF NOUNS 

294. To parse a noun it is necessary to tell : — 

1. Class, — common, proper, or collective. 

2. Gender. 

3. Number. 

4. Case. 

5. Construction, — the use of the case. 

Example : — 

Edward came into the house and told his friends that he had 
walked two miles. 

Edward, proper noun, masculine gender, singular number, nominative 

case, subject of the verb came, 
house, common noun, neuter gender, singular number, objective 

case, object of the preposition into, 
friends, common noun, common gender, plural number, objective 

case, indirect object of told. 
miUs, common noun, neuter gender, plural number, objective case, 

adverbial objective, modifies had icalked. 



PARSING OF NOUNS 135 

295. Parse the nouns in the following sentences : — 

1. This reckless boy gives his parents great anxiety. 

2. This policy will make America a great nation. 

3. Ernest had become a young man now. 

4. " We are lost, dear Matthew," said she, mournfully. 

5. Let's make these enemies friends. 

6. We sent James a book last week. 

7. My sister is ten years old. 

8. The noblest mind the best contentment has. 

9. Love made his life a sweet song. 

10. I hope they will make John captain of the team. 

11. Every chair should be a throne and hold a king. 

12. Misfortune made the rich man a pauper. 

13. The sailor went ashore three times a week. 

14. His money having given out, he came home. 

15. I will show the teacher this book. 

16. Do you call this man a genius? 

17. Multitudes came every summer to visit that natural curiosity, 
the Great Stone Face. 

18. One afternoon a mother sat at the door of her cottage, talking 
to her little boy. 

19. Brom Bones, however, was the hero of the scene, having come 
on his favorite steed, Daredevil, a creature, like himself, full of 
mischief. 

20. About two hundred yards from the tree a small brook crossed 
the road, and ran into a marshy and thickly wooded glen, known by 
the name of Wiley's Swamp. 

21. Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years 
of matrimony rolled on ; a tart temper never mellows with age, and 
a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant 
use. 

22. They all had beards of various shapes and colors.. There was 
one who seemed to be the commander. 

23. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, 
on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the 
brow of a precipice. 



136 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



XCII. NOUN CLAUSES 



296. Compare : — 

I 

His stori/ is true. 

I believe his story. 

I have no faith in his story. 



n 

What he says is true. 

I believe ivhat he says. 

I have no faith in what he says. 



Parse the word start/ in each sentence in column I. 

What he says in the first sentence in column II is a 
clause, the subject of the verb is. 

What he says in the second sentence is a clause, the 
object of the verb believe. 

What he says in the third sentence is a clause, the object 
of the preposition in. 

A clause that is the subject of a verb, or the object of a 
verb, or the object of a preposition, is called a noun clause. 

297. In the following sentences pick out the noun 
clauses, and tell what use of the noun each has : — 

1. What I shall do does not concern you. 

2. I do not knov^ what he is talking about. 

3. I think that he is right. 

4. I heard that he was sick. 

5. I have no interest in what he is doing. 

XCIII. OTHER THINGS USED AS NOUNS 

298. Read: — 

1. Dot your i's. 

Fs is the object of the verb dot. 

2. This 8 is crooked. 
8 is the subject of is. 



COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 137 

3. Ran is a verb. 
Ban is the subject of is, 

4. Quoth the raven, " Nevermore." 
Nevermore is the object of the verb quoth, 

XCIV. COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 



299. Compare : — 

I 

I did it. 

You are wrong. 

We have done this wrong. 



II 

I myself did it. 
You yourself are wrong. 
We ourselves have done this 
wrong. 

In column I what is the subject of each verb ? What 
part of speech is each subject ? 

In column II the pronouns myself^ yourself^ and ourselves 
are called compound personal pronouns. 

Myself i^ in the nominative case, in apposition with the 
subject I, 

Yourself is in the nominative case, in apposition with 
the subject you. 

Ourselves is in the nominative case, in apposition with 
the subject we, 

300. Read: — 

I did it myself 

You are wrong yourself 

We have done this wrong ourselves. 

The compound personal pronouns, myself^ yourself,, and 
ourselves^ are each in the nominative case, in apposition 
with the subject. The change in position does not affect 
the construction. 



138 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



301. Compare: — 

I 

I did it myself. 
You are wrong yourself. 
We have done this wrong 
ourselves. 



II 

I hurt myself 

You have wronged yourself 
We have done ourselves a great 
wrong. 



In column I in what case are the pronouns in italics ? 
Why? 

In column II in what case are the pronouns in italics ? 
Why? 

In column I the compound personal pronouns are used 
for emphasis. 

In column II the compound personal pronouns are called 
reflexive pronouns. 

Look up the meaning of the word reflexive. 

302. In the following sentences pick out the compound 
personal pronouns ; tell (1) the case, (2) the use of the 
pronoun, — emphatic or reflexive : — 

1. I will see the teacher myself. 

2. God helps them that help themselves. 

3. John cut himself. 

4. John will tell you ahout it himself. 



The fault lies in us ourselves. 



6. The monkey saw himself in the mirror. 

7. The king himself has said it. 

8. The king has hurt himself by his speech. 

9. The king has done this deed himself. 

10. We should often act differently if we could see ourselves as 
others see us. 

11. I will do the errand myself. 

12. Did you hurt yourself ? 

13. The child himself knows better. 



NOMINATIVE CASE — PERSONAL PBONOUNS 139 

XCV. THE NOMINATIVE CASE — PERSONAL 

PRONOUNS 
303. Compare : — 



I 

That is the man. 



II 

That is he. 



111 column I in what case is the word in italics ? Why ? 

In column II the pronoun he completes the predicate, 
and means the same thing as the subject that. 

He is in the nominative case, and is called a predicate 
nominative. 

304. The nominative case of personal pronouns may be 
used : — 

1. As subject of a verb : ■ — 

He is the man. 

2. As predicate nominative : — 

This is she. 

3. As nominative of address : — - 

O thou, who hearest prayer, forgive us. 

4. As nominative absolute : — 

He being present, we asked him about the matter. 

XCVL THE OBJECTIVE CASE — PERSONAL 
PRONOUNS 

305. The objective case of personal pronouns may be 
used: — • - . 

1. As direct object of a verb : — 

The teacher thanked us, 

2. As indirect object of a verb : — 

He gave me a knife. 



140 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

3. As object of a preposition : — 

I showed the pictures to Jiim, 

306. Compare : — 

I II 

This is my book. This book is mi7ie. 

In column I in what case is the pronoun in italics ? 
What does it modify ? 

In column II mine is a personal pronoun in the posses- 
sive case. The word mine is equivalent to my book ; and 
for that reason mine is to be parsed as book would be 
parsed, predicate nominative. 

Mine is in the possessive case, with a nominative use, 
predicate nominative. 

307. Read: — 

They took our books ; we took theirs. 

Theirs is a pronoun in the possessive case, with an ob- 
jective use, object of the verb took. 

308. In the following sentences, pick out the personal 
pronouns, and tell the case of each. Give reason for 
case : — 

1. I lent him my book, but he has not returned it. 

2. Do you see Kate? That is she at the head of the line. 

3. Thou should'st love thy neighbor as thou lovest thyself. 

4. The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want. He maketh me to 
lie down in green pastures : he leadeth me beside the still waters. 

5. This book is mine, but John thinks that it is his. 

6. They left their books at home. 

7. Ye are the light of the world. 

8. Tell me what he said. 

9. He must make himself do it. 

10. They told us about their journey. 



USES OF IT 141 



XCVII. USES OF IT 
309. Compare : — 

II 



He brought me the book after 
he had torn iL 



He says that he is going, but I 

do not believe it. 



In column I the pronoun it refers to book. Book is the 
antecedent of it. 

In column II the pronoun ^t refers to the statement ^Aa^ 
he is going. That he is going is the antecedent of it. 



310. Compare ; — 

I 

That the prisoner burnt the house 
has been proved. 



n 

/^ has been proved that the 
prisoner burnt the house. 



In column I the clause that the prisoner burnt the house 
is the subject of has been proved. 

In column II the pronoun it is used to throw the real 
subject, that the prisoner burnt the house., after the verb. 

When used as in column II, it is called the grammatical 
subject. 

311. Read: — 

It is a pity that he did not go. 

It is the grammatical subject ; that he did not go is the 

real subject. 

It is good to be here. 

It is the grammatical subject ; to be here is the real 
subject. 



142 ENGLISH GRAMMAB FOB BEGINNERS 

312. Compare : — 

I I II 

It is wrong to lie. | It will rain before night. 

In column II it is not the grammatical subject; there is 
no real subject following it. 

The pronoun it in column II is used in an impersonal 
way. It does not refer to any antecedent. This is called 
the impersonal use of it, 

313. There are, then, the following uses of it: — 

1. As personal pronoun, with a single word as ante- 
cedent : — 

I saw the book, but did not read it. 

2. As pronoun referring to preceding statement or 

idea : — 

He said that he was telling the truth, and I believe it. 

3. As grammatical subject, throwing the real subject 
after the verb : — 

It is sweet to die for one^s country. 

4. As impersonal subject : — 

1. 7ns snowing. 2. /Ms time to go. 3. 7^ has just struck ten. 
Sometimes as impersonal object : — 

The king lorded it over his subjects. 
We footed it along the streets. 

314. In the following sentences tell the case and the 
use of each it : — 

1. That is my book on the table ; bring it to me. 

2. It will rain before night. 

3. This is a long story, but I do not believe a word of it. 

4. It is rather cool to-night. 

5. He said that he found the knife, but I do not believe it. 

6. It is easy to learn to swdm. 



THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 143 

7. It is no excuse to say that you did not know. 

8. It grew dark before we reached home. 

9. It is a shame that he does not do better. 
10. It is after midnight. 



XCVIII. THE RELATIVE PROi^OUN 

315. Read : — 

This is the man who came to our house. 
This is the man 

who came to our house. 

N'oTE. — 1. A relative pronoun is a grammatical part of the clause 
to which it belongs. 

In the clause who came to our house, who is the subject of the verb 
came. 

" 2. A relative pronoun refers to an antecedent, and, in this way, 
joins two clauses. The relative who refers to the antecedent man, 

316. Read ; — 

This is the man whose house was burned. 
This is the man 

whose house was burned. 

Whose is a relative pronoun in the possessive case ; it 
modifies the noun house. 

Whose refers to the antecedent man. 

317. Read: — 

This is the man whom we saw yesterday. 
This is the man 

, whom we saw yesterday. 

Whom is a relative pronoun in the objective case, object 
of the verb saw. 

Whom refers to the antecedent man. 



144 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

318. Read: — 

This is the man with whom we went to town. 

This is the man 

we went to town with whom. 

Whom is a relative pronoun in the objective case ; it is 
the object of the preposition with. 
Whom refers to the antecedent man. 

319. Read: — 

1. This is the knife which did the mischief. 

2. This is the knife which he used. 

3. This is the knife with which he cut his hand. 

4. This is the stick that caused the trouble. 

5. This is the stick that he used. 

6. This is the stick that he struck his friend with. 

In the above sentences pick out the relative pronouns 
and tell the case and the antecedent of each. 

320. In the following sentences pick out the relative 
pronouns ; tell : — 

1. Case. 2. Use of case. 3. Antecedent. 

1. This is the house that Jack built. 

2. This is the rat that ate the malt. 

3. This is a boy whom we can depend on. 

4. This is a boy whom we can trust. 

5. Here is a boy who will do right. 

6. We saw the boy whose hand was hurt. • 

7. The dog found the bird for which it was looking. 

8. That was a great actor whom we saw last night. 

9. The dog found the bird that it was looking for. 
10. The man that hesitates is lost. 



THE BELATIVE FEONOUN WHAT 145 

XCIX. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHAT 
321. Compare; — 



IT 

I believe what \\e says. 

What he says is true. 

I have no faith in what he 



I 

I believe that ichich he says. 
That which he says is true. 
I have no faith in that which he 
says. 

In column I : — 

1. I believe that 

I 

which he says. 

2. That is true 

which he says. 

3. I have no faith in that, 

which he says. 

Pick out the relative pronouns in these three sentences 
and tell the case^ use^ and antecedent of each. 
In column II : — 

I believe what he says. 

What lie says is a noun clause, the object of believe. 
What is a relative pronoun, the object of says. 

What he says is true. 
What he says is a noun clause, the subject of is. 
What is a relative pronoun, object of says. 

I have no faith in what he says. 
What he says is a noun clause, the object of the prepo- 
sition in. 

What is a relative pronoun, the object of says. 

Note. — What is always a relative pronoun when it is equivalent to 
that which. 

L 



146 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

322. In the following sentences tell the ease and use of 
the relative pronoun what : — 

1. I believe what he says. 

2. What you say is true. 

3. The boy found what he was looking for. 

4. What you ask cannot be granted. 

5. I have no interest in what he is doing. 

323. In the following sentences tell the part of speech 
of each what : — 

1. I know what is right. 

2. What is right? 

3. He cried, " What shall I do ? " 

4. What kind of book have you been reading? 

5. The boy knew what he was punished for. 

324. In the following sentences pick out the relative 
pronouns ; tell : — 

1. Case. 2. Use of case. 3. Antecedent. 

1. I do not believe a word that he says. 

2. What I believe doesn't make much difference to him. 

3. 1 shall tell him what you said. 

4. He knows what we called him for. 

5. This is the boy whose father came to see him. 

6. What shall we do with a boy who will not study ? 

7. He said that all the members were coming, and he is a man 
who tells the truth, but I do not believe that he knows what he is 
talking about. 

8. The question, what shall we do with the prisoner, came from 
those who were holding him. 

C. COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 

325. Read: — 

Whoever says this tells what is not true. 



BUT AND AS ^.S RELATIVE PRONOUNS 



147 



Whoever says this is a noun clause, the subject of tells. 

Whoever is a relative pronoun, in the nominative case, 
subject of says. 

Whoever (who + ever} is called a compound relative 
pronoun. ^ 

Whatever he dbes is wrong. 

Whatever he does is a noun clause, the subject of iso 
Whatever is a compound relative pronoun, the object 
of does. 

The chief compound relative pronouns are : — - 

whoever, whoso, whosoever; whichever, whichsoever; whatever, 
whatsoever. 

The compound relative pronouns have no definite ante- 
cedents, and for that reason are said to be used indefinitely. 



CI. BUT AND AS AS RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
326. Compare : — = 



There is no man who would 
not have given his life to save 
her. 



n 

There is no man hut would 
have given his life to save her. 



In column I what part of speech is the word in italics ? 
In what case ? Why ? 

In column II but is a relative pronoun, in the nominative 
case, subject of would have given; man is the antecedent. 

Note. — When but is a relative pronoun it is equivalent to who 
followed by not. 



148 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 



327. Compare : — 

I 

I do not care for the nonsense 
that Frank writes. 



II 

I do not care for such nonsense 
as Frank writes. 



In column I what is the case of the relative pronoun ? 
What is its antecedent ? 

In column II as is a relative pronoun, objective case, 
object of writes; nonsense is the antecedent. 



328. Compare: — 

I 

I hold the same faith that my 
fathers held. 



II 

I hold the same faith as my 
fathers. 



In column I what is the case of the relative pronoun ? 
What is its antecedent ? 

In column II as is a relative pronoun, objective case, 
object of held understood ; faith is the antecedent. 

329. Read: — 

I do not care for such nonsense as Frank writes. 
I hold the same political opinions as my fathers. 

When as is used as a relative pronoun, it is always 
preceded by such or same, 

330. In the following sentences pick out the relative 
pronouns ; tell : — 

1. Case. 2. Use of case. 3. Antecedent. 

1. I am studying the same books that I studied last year. 

2. I hope you will not repeat such words as these [are]. 

3. There was not a man but regretted the incident. 

4. I am taking the same course as my brother. 

5. He is doing just what I do. 

6. I do not care for such games as we played last night. 



HOW TO PARSE PBONOUNS 149 



CII. RELATIVE PRONOUNS OMITTED 



331. Compare: — 

I 

This is the man iuho77i we saw 
yesterday. 

This is the stick which he 
struck his friend with. 



II 

This is the man we saw yes- 
terday. 

This is the stick he struck 
his friend with. 



In column I what is the case of the relative pronouns ? 
What is the antecedent of each ? 

In column II note that the relative pronouns are 
omitted. 

332. In the following sentences supply the missing 
relative pronouns and tell the case and the antecedent 
of each : - — 

1. This is the book I sent you for. 

2. These are the things we need now. 

3. He paid the bill he owed. 

4. That is not the thing I am looking for now. 

5. He took the first knife he came to. 



cm. HOW TO PARSE PRONOUNS 

333. Tell: — 

1. Class, whether personal, relative, interrogative, 
adjective, demonstrative, or indefinite. 

2. Person, if it is a personal pronoun. 

3. Gender, if it is a personal pronoun of the third person. 

4. Number, if the pronoun changes its form to show 
number. 

5. Case. 

6. Use of the case^ 



150 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

If the pronoun is a relative pronoun, tell the antecedent. 

Example : — 

These are some of the apples that we bought yesterday. 

These, demonstrative pronoun, plural number, nominative case, sub- 
ject of are. 

some, adjective pronoun, nominative case, predicate nominative, com- 
pletes the predicate and means the same thing as the subject. 

that, relative pronoun, objective case, object of bought : apples is the 
antecedent. 

we, personal pronoun, first person, plural number, nominative case, 
subject of bought. 

334. Parse the pronouns in the following sentences : — 

1. Who will help me ? 

2. The boy stood on the burning deck, 
Whence all but him had fled. 

3. Those who think must govern those who toil. 

4. Look on this picture, then on that. 

5. Each must work for the good of all. 

6. I want to see John ; nobody else will do. 

7. One will sow and another reap. 

8. He thought much about the comfort of others. 

9. What is so rare as a day in June ? 

10. Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep. 

And doesn't know where to find them; 
Just let them alone, and they'll come home, 
With their little tails behind them. 

11. He prayeth best who loveth best. 

12. Few shall part where many meet. 

13. And was there such a resemblance as the crowd had testified ? 

14. All are needed by each one ; 
Nothing is good or fair alone. 

15. A sturdy lad from New Hampshire or Vermont, who in turn 
tries all professions, who teams it, farms it, peddles it, . . . is worth 
a hundred of these city dolls. 



HOW TO PARSE PRONOUNS 151 

16. Insist on yourself ; never imitate. 

17. Do that which is assigned thee, and thou canst not hope too 
much or dare too much. 

18. They measure their esteem of each other by what ^ each has, 
and not by what each does. 

19. The men I speak of are my contemporaries. 

20. There is no situation in life but has its advantages and its 
pleasures. 

. 21. All that fashion demands of us is composure and self -content. 

22. There wall always be in society certain persons who are mer- 
curies of its approbation, and whose glance wall, at any time, deter- 
mine for the curious their standing in the world. 

23. This is such stuff as men are made of. 

24. They knew not that the Great Stone Face had become a 
teacher to him, and that the sentiment which was expressed in it 
would enlarge the young man's heart, and fill it with wider and 
deeper sympathies than other hearts. 

25. And Ernest never forgot the story th^t his mother told him. 
It was always in his mind, whenever he looked upon the Great Stone 
Face. He spent his childhood in the log cottage w^here he was born, 
and was dutiful to his mother, and helpful to her in many things. 

26. The purport was, that, at some future day, a child should be 
born hereabouts, who was destined to become the greatest and the 
noblest personage of his time, and whose countenance, in manhood, 
should bear an exact resemblance to the Great Stone Face. 

27. The songs of this poet found their way to Ernest. He read 
them after his customary toil, seated on the bench before his cottage- 
door, where* for such a length of time he had filled his repose with 
thought, by gazing at the Great Stone Face. 

28. On all sides he beheld vast stores of apples, some hanging in 
oppressive opulence on the trees, some gathered into baskets and bar- 
rels for the market, others heaped up in rich piles for the cider press. 

29. But the family were glad again when they perceived that the 
latch was lifted by some traveler, whose footsteps had been unheard 
amid the dreary blast which heralded his approach, and wailed as he 
was entering, and went moaning away from the door. 

1 What is a relative pronoun, object of has. 



152 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

CIV. ADJECTIVES-ATTRIBUTIVE AND 
APPOSITIVE 
335. Compare: — 



I 

The tired and happy children 
went to bed. 



II 

The children, tired and happy, 
went to bed. 



What part of speech are the words in italics in 
column I ? What does each modify ? 

What part of speech are the words in italics in 
column II? What does each modify? 

When the adjective modifies the noun closely, as in 
column I, it is called the attributive adjective. 

Note. — The attributive adjective usually goes before the noun it 
modifies. 

When the adjective modifies the noun loosely, as in 
column II, it is called the appositive adjective. 

Note. — The appositive adjective usually follows the noun it 
modifies. It may, however, go before the noun it modifies; as, Tired 
and happy, the children went to sleep. 

336. In the following sentences pick out each adjective ; 

tell: — 

1. Whether it is attributive or appositive. 

2. What it modifies. 

1. Pale and speechless, the soldier rushed' into camp. 

2. The children, glad of the opportunity, left at once. 

3. Some of these good people dwelt in log huts, with the black 
forest all around them. 

4. Full of faith and hope, Ernest doubted not. 

6. We saw the old tramp, ragged and dirty, just as he came into 
the yard. 



THE PREDICATE ADJECTIVE 153 



CV. THE PREDICATE ADJECTIVE 



337. Compare: — 

I 

The children, tired and happy ^ 
went to bed. 



II 

The children were happy. 



In column I are the adjectives attributive or appositive ? 
What does each modify ? 

In column II the adjective hajjpy completes the predi- 
cate were^ and modifies the subject children. 

An adjective that completes the predicate and modifies 
the subject is called a predicate adjective. 

338. In the following sentences pick out the predicate 
adjectives ; tell what each modifies. 

1. Mary's eyes are blue. 

2. John's hands are large. 

3. Oscar feels happy this morning. 

4. Both men were angry. 

5. Solomon \Yas exceedingly wise. 

6. This rose smells, sweet. 

7. It is growing dark. 

8. This tree is growing high. 

9. I feel bad to-day. 

10. The child looks sick. 

11. The resemblance was striking. 

12. He was ready to believe in whatever seemed beautiful and 
good. 

13. So wonderfully eloquent was he, that his auditors had no 
choice but to believe him. 

14. The sounds, as they receded, became more soft and aeriaL 

15. All stood amazed. 

16. The sky is blue and cloudless. 

17. That child is tall for his age. 



154 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

CVI. THE OBJECTIVE PREDICATE 

ADJECTIVE 
339. Compare : — 



I 

The stick is straight. 



II 

John made the stick straight. 



In column I what does the adjective modify ? 

Note. — The adjective completes the predicate and modifies the 
subject. 

In column II what does the adjective modify? 
The adjective straight completes the predicate. 
John straightened the stick. 

[made straight] 

The adjective straight modifies the object stick. 
An adjective that completes the predicate and modifies 
the object is called an objective predicate adjective. 

340. In the following sentences pick out the adjectives ; 
tell of each how it is used and what it modifies : — 

1. The medicine made him welL 

2. We found the bird dead. 

3. Work makes men happy. 

4. Streaming files of wild ducks began to make their appearance 
high in the air. 

5. Old Baltus Van Tassel moved about among his guests with 
a- face dilated with content and good humor, round and jolly as the 
harvest moon. 

6. It was, as I have said, a fine autumnal day ; the sky was clear 
and serene, and nature wore that rich and golden livery which we 
always associate with the idea of abundance. 

7. It was toward evening that Ichabod arrived at the castle of the 
Herr Van Tassel, which he found thronged with the pride and flower 
of the adjacent country : old farmers, a spare, leathern-faced race 
in homespun coats and breeches, blue stockings, huge shoes, and 



HOW TO PARSE ADJECTIVES 165 

magnificent pewter buckles ; their brisk, withered little dames, in 
crimped caps, long-waisted short gowns, homespun petticoats, with 
scissors and pincushions and gay calico pockets hanging on the 
outside. 



341. Compare: — 
I 

I found twenty apples. 
I bought many melons. 

I have never seen such men. 
John makes few mistakes. 



II 

I found a hundred apples. 

I bought a great many melons. 

I bought many a melon. 

I have never seen such a man. 

John has made a few mistakes. 



What part of speech are the words in italics m column I? 
What does each modify? 

In column II it is better to consider a hundred^ a great 
many^ many a, such a, and a few as' phrasal adjectives, 
modifying nouns. 

CVII. HOW TO PARSE ADJECTIVES i 

342. To parse the adjective, tell : — 

I. Kind: — It is not necessary to tell the kind of adjec- 
tive unless it is demonstrative^ pronominal^ interrogative^ or 
indefinite. 

If demonstrative, tell the number. 

II. Degree : — If the adjective is of the comparative or 
the superlative degree. 

III. Use : — Tell what the adjective modifies. If the 
adjective is an appositive adjective,, a predicate adjective,, 
or an objective predicate adjective,, this fact should be 
mentioned. 

1 Before attempting the following exercise, let the pupil have one 
lesson in review of pages 59 to 67. 



156 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

Example : — 

These white lilies, tall and stately, are finer than they were last year. 

These, demonstrative adjective, plural number, modifies lilies. 

white, adjective, modifies lilies. 

tall, appositive adjective, modifies lilies. 

stately, appositive adjective, modifies lilies. 

finer, predicate adjective, comparative degree, modifies lilies. 

last, adjective, modifies year, 

343. Parse the adjectives in the following sentences : — 

1. Do you see those boys in the front yard ? 

2. Every dog in this town shall have a little bit. 

3. We found the patient worse. 

4. Full many a gem of purest ray serene 

The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear. 

5. A little learning is a dangerous thing. 

6. The patient feels very bad this morning. 

7. Five hundred soldiers came over the hill. 

8. A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it, at the foot 
of which bubbled up a spring of the softest and sweetest water. 

9. We saw a few straggling soldiers. 

10. They danced themselves breathless. 

11. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rows are reserved. 

12. Look on this picture. 

13. Every man was a knight and every w^oman a lady. 

14. A thousand men were killed in the bloody battle. 

15. Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter. 

16. Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. 

344. In the following sentences parse the nouns, the 
pronouns, and the adjectives : — 

1. I W'as seated there one still, sunny morning, watching two 
laborers, who were digging a grave. They had chosen one of the 
most remote and neglected corners of the churchyard ; where, from 
the number of nameless graves around, it would appear that the 



ABJECTIVE PHRASES 167 

indigent and friendless were huddled into the earth. I was told 
that the new-made grave was for the only son of a poor widow. 

2. Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years 
of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and 
a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant 
use. For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from 
home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philoso- 
phers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions 
on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait 
of his Majesty George the Third. Here they used to sit in the shade 
through a long, lazy summer's day, talking listlessly ovej: village 
gossip, or telling endless sleepy stories about nothing. 



CVIII. ADJECTIVE PHRASES 
346. Compare: — 



John is Ti€altTiy. 

The stranger i^ friendless. 

My brother seemed fretful. 



II 

John is in good liealtli. 
The stranger is ivithout friends. 
My brother seemed out of 
humor. 



Parse the words in italics in column I. 

In column II the adjective phrases have the same use as 
the adjectives in column I. 

In good health is an adjective phrase, used' like a predi- 
cate adjective, modifying John. 

; Without friends is an adjective phrase, used like a predi- 
cate adjective, modifying stranger. 

Out of^ humor is an adjective phrase, used like a 
predicate adjective, modifying brother. 

1 Out of is equivalent to a single preposition. 



158 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



346. Compare : — 

I 
John is in the house. 



II 

John is in the dumps. 



In column I what kind of phrase? What does it 
modify? 

In column II what kind of phrase? What does it 
modify ? 

347. In the following sentences pick out the adjective 
phrases and tell what each modifies : — 

1. The letter put my sister in a good humor. 

2. The old clock on the stair is ticking. 

3. We found the patient in great danger. 

4. We hung the picture of my sister in the hall. 

5. They danced themselves out of breath. 

6. We are looking at the man in the moon. 

7. The roses are in bloom now. 

8. My father was not in a good humor when we asked him. 



CIX. THE VERBS LIU, LAY, SIT, AND SUT 
348. Compare : — 



I 

I He down every afternoon. 

I lay down yesterday after- 
noon. 

I have lain down every after- 
noon this week. 



II 

I lay my books on the table 
whenever I come into the house. 

I laid my books on the table 
yesterday. 

I have laid my books on the 
table every day this week. 



In column I are the verbs transitive or intransitive? 
Give reason. 

In column II are the verbs transitive or intransitive? 
Give reason. 



THE VERBS LIE, LAY, SIT, AND SET 159 

349. Fill in the following blanks with the right forms 
of lie or lay: — 

1. I saw the bird fall to the ground ; let it there. 

2. Now I me down to sleep. 

3. The old blue hen has an egg a day for a week. 

4. You ought to down every afternoon. ' 

5. The children are lying on the grass, in the back yard ; they have 
there since ten o'clock. 



6. James was so sleepy that he down on the bed ; after he 

had there an hour, he got up and picked up his book, which he 

had on the table. The book had on the table just as long 

as John had on the bed. 



350. Compare : — 

I 

I sit on the porch every after- 
noon. 

I sat on the porch yesterday. 

I have sat on the porch every 
day this week. 



II 

I set a lamp on the table in the 
parlor every night. 

I set Si lamp on the table last 
night. 

I have set a lamp on the table 
every night this week. 



351. Fill in the following blanks with the right forms 

of sit or set : — 

1. We the table for mother this morning. 

2. The boy has at the front door all day. 

3. We three hens yesterday. 

4. The old blue hen has three times this year. 

5. The speckled hen doesn't well. 

6. I told John to the chair in the corner. 

7. steady in the boat. 

8. Our father told us to out the cabbage plants. 

9. Our mother told us to around the table. 

10. To is a transitive verb. 



160 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



ex. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOODi 
352. Compare: — 



God saves our country. 
God has mercy on us. 
Thy will is done. 
The khig lives long. 



II 

God save our country. 
God have mercy on us. 
Thy will be done- 
Long live the king. 



In column I the sentences state a fact; tell the mood, 
tense, person, and number of each verb. 

In column II the sentences express a wish; note how the 
verbs differ in form from those in column I. The tense, 
person, and number of the verbs in column II are the 
same as those in column I ; but the mood is not the same. 
The verbs in column II are in the subjunctive mood. 

The subjunctive mood is used to express a wish. 



353. Compare : — 
I 

My father ivas here yesterday. 



I was at home yesterday. 



II 



If my father were here now, 
things would be^ different. 

I should feel better if I were 
at home to-day. 

Give the mood, tense, person, and number of the verbs 
in column I. 

Note that the verbs in column II have the same subjects 
as the verbs in column I, but differ in form. The verbs 
in column II are in the subjunctive mood. They are sub- 
junctive because they express a condition contrary to fact. 

1 Only the most common uses of the subjunctive are treated here. 

2 Would he and should feel are subjunctives also, but it is better to 
limit the pupil now to the subjunctives that differ from the indicatives in 
form. 



INFINITIVES WITH AND WITHOUT TO 161 

If my father were at home^ things would be different. The 
words in italics express a condition, and mean that ''my 
father is not at home." It is, therefore, a condition con- 
trary to fact. 

The subjunctive mood is used to express a condition con- 
trary to fact. 

354. In the following sentences tell the mood, tense, 
person, and number of each verb in italics: — 

1. If I luere you, I would not do that. 

2. God Mess our home. 

3. God forgive him for the wrong he has done me. 

4. If an angel were to tell me, I would not believe it. 

5. Heaven send thee peace, my daughter. 

6. If wishes wei^e horses, beggars might ride. 

7. Green be the turf above thee. 

8. Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet. 

9. God helps those that help themselves. 

CXI. INFINITIVES WITH AND WITHOUT TO 



355. Compare : — 
I 

I told the boy to go into the 
house. 

We expected the child to cry. 

The captain told the soldiers 
to stop shooting. 



II 

I saw the boy go into the 
house. 

We heard the child cry. 

The captain made the soldiers 
stop shooting. 



Note that the infinitives to go, to cry., and to stop., in 
column I, are each composed of two words. The word to, 
when used as a part of the infinitive, is called the sign of 
the infinitive. 

In column II the words go., cry., and stop are infinitives, 
used here without the sign to. 



162 ENGLISH GBAMMAE FOR BEGINNERS 

356. Pick out the infinitives in the following sen- 
tences : — 

1. He does not dare to do it. 

2. He dares not do it. 

3. The children went to see the animals. 

4. James allowed Lavinia to see his knife. 

5. William's father made him bring in the wood. 

6. William's mother had already told him to bring in the wood. 

7. I heard my sister sing in the choir. 

8. The children like to play in the yard. 

9. I had rather not go. 

10. I think Mary had better come home. 

CXII. INFINITIVES IN -IJVa 

357. Compare : — 



To lie is wrong. 
To live in the country is a 
great pleasure. 



II 

Lying is wrong. 

Living in the country is a great 
pleasure. 



What part of the verb are the words in italics in col- 
umn I ? 

In column II the words in italics are infinitives. This 
is called the infinitive in -ing, in order to distinguish it 
from the infinitives in column I. 

358. Forms of the infinitive in -ing. 

Active Voice 
Present, Living in the country is a great pleasure. 
Perfect: He will always be loved for having saved his country. 

Passive Voice 

Present, He is rather fond of being praised. 

Perfect. John is proud of having been chosen the captain of his 
team. 



INFINITIVES IN -ING 163 

359. In the following sentences pick out the infini- 
tives : — 

1. I like to run. 

2. Running is good exercise. 

3. It is wrong to cheat on examination. 

4. I have no respect for the pupil who thinks' cheating on ex- 
amination is not wrong. 

5. He likes to lie on his back and read. 

6. The children ran to the window to see the fire. 

7. To see is to believe. 

8. The children were found after having been lost two days. 

9. Seeing is believing. 

10. We ought to eat to live. 

11. You had better not read this letter. 

12. The traitor was hanged for having betrayed his country. 

360. Compare : — 



I 

I study my lessons. 

Ifed the horses. 

Richard III murdered the 
princes. 



II 

I like to study my lessons. 

I am fond of studying my 
lessons. 

My father told me fo feed the 
horse. 

Richard III is said to have 
murdered the princes. 

Richard III is accused of 
murdering the princes. 

In column I are the verbs transitive or intransitive ? 
What is the object of each ? 

What part of the verb are the words in italics in col- 
umn II ? The infinitive cannot be a predicate, but since 
it is a part of the verb, it can take an object. 

What are the objects of the infinitives in column II ? 

361. In the following sentences pick out each noun 
that is the object of an infinitive : — 



164 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



1. I should like to see my sister. 

2. John had some trouble in finding the horse. 

3. The prisoner is said to have stolen the money. 

4. The boy was punished for losing his books. 

5. The boy was punished for having lost his books. 

6. We were delighted to hear the news. 

7. We hoped to arrive in time to see the ceremony. 

8. It is right to tell the truth. 

9. To have done the right thing was a great comfort to him. 

10. He is said to have been swinging the child when the accident 
happened. 

CXIII. THE INFINITIVE USED AS A NOUN 



362. Compare : — 

I 

To travel is a great pleasure. 
Skating is good exercise. 
To have seen his friends first 
was a great pleasure to him. 



II 

I like to travel. 

I like skating. 

He hoped to have seen his 
friends before they saw him. 

He regrets having left the city 
before his friends came. 



What is the subject of each verb in column I ? 

What is the object of each verb in column II ? 

Read : — 

I am fond of traveling. 

Traveling is an infinitive, object of the preposition of. 



363. Compare : — 

I 

To travel is a great pleasure. 



II 

His greatest pleasure is to 
travel. 



Parse the word in italics in column I. 

In column il the infinitive is used like a predicate noun. 



THE INFINITIVE USED AS A NOUN 165 



364. Compare : — 

I 

To travel is a great pleasure. 



n 

It is a great pleasure to travel. 



In column IT it is the grammatical subject of is; to 
travel is the real subject. \ 

365. The infinitive has the following uses of a noun in 
the nominative case : — 

1. As subject of a verb : — 

To trab-el is B, great pleasure, 

2. As predicate noun : — 

His greatest pleasure is to travel. 
To hide the truth is to lie. 

3. As real subject (after the grammatical subject): — 

It is a great pleasure to travel. 

366. The infinitive has the following uses of a noun in 
the objective case : — 

1. As object of a verb : — 

I like to travel, . 

I regret having left so abruptly. 

2. As object of a preposition : — 

I am fond of traveling. 

Rip liked to do everything except to work. 

367. In the following sentences pick out the infinitives 
and tell what use of the noun each infinitive has. Tell 
the object of the infinitive if it has an object : — ^ 

1. I should like to get my books before I go home. 

2. John hoped to meet his brother. 

3. To do right was easy for him, 

4. I object to seeing him. 



166 



ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOR BEGIN NERB 



5. To have told the truth was a great comfort to him. 
- 6. To be traveling for pleasure while his country was in trouble 
was displeasing to Milton. 

7. We hoped to have caught up with our friends before they had 
crossed the river. 

8. William is very proud of having been chosen a delegate to the 
convention. 

9. It is sweet to die for one's country. 



CXIV. THE INFINITIVE USED AS AN ADJEC- 
TIVE AND AS AN ADVERB 



368. Compare : — 

I 
This is the time for planting. 
He has his reasons for leaving. 
He is doing a work of great 
importance. 

He has a house ybr rentirig. 



II 

This is the time to plant. 

He has every reason to bless us. 

He has work to do. 

He has a house to rent. 



Pick out the adjective phrases in column I and tell 
what each modifies. 

In column II to plants to bless^ to do., and to rent are infini- 
tives. In these sentences the infinitives are used like 
adjectives, because they modify nouns. 

The infinitive has an adjective use. 



369. Compare: — 

I 

My brother came /or Ms horse. 

The boy went to Ms father. 
She studies at night. 



II 

My brother came to get his 
horse. 

The boy went to find his father. 
She studies to learn. 



Pick out the adverb phrases in column I and tell what 
each modifies. 



INFINITIVE AS ADJECTIVE AND AS ADVEBB 167 

In column II to get^ to find^ and to learn are infinitives. 
In these sentences the infinitives are used like adverbs, 
because they modify verbs. 



370. Compare : — 

I 

I am glad of it. 

These apples are good for eat- 
ing. 

John is quick at figures. 



II 

I am glad to see you. 

These apples are good to eat, 

John is quick to learn. 



Pick out the adverb phrases in column I and tell what 
each modifies. 

In column II to see., to eaU and to learn are infinitives. 
In these sentences the infinitives are^ used like adverbs, 
because they modify adjectives. 

The infinitive has an adverb use. 

371. In the following sentences pick out the infinitives 
and tell what use each has : — 

1. His desire to please caused all the trouble. 

2. And fools who came to scoff remained to pray. 

3. The prisoner is to die ^ at daybreak. 

4. This example is hard to work. 

5. There is a time to weep and a time to play. 

6. Jack and Jill went up the hill. 

To fetch a pail of water. 

7. This is a knife to cut bread with. 

8. Apples are hard to get. 

9. He works to make a living. 

10. I have no desire to hear your story. 

1 To die is an adverb modifier of is. 



168 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 



CXV. THE INFINITIVE WITH A SUBJECT 



372. Compare : — 
I 

My brother wishes to leave us. 
My sister wants to meet us. 
We expect to see our brother. 



II 

My brother wishes us to leave. 
My sister wants us to meet her. 
We expect our brother to see us. 



In each sentence in column I the words in italics are 
the object of the verb. 

To leave us is the object of wishes; us is the object of 
the infinitive to leave. 

To meet iis is the object of wants ; us is the object of the 
infinitive to meet. 

To see our brother is the object of expect ; brother is the 
object of the infinitive to see. 

In each sentence in column II the words in italics are 
the object of the verb. 

In the sentence, 

My brother wishes us to leave, 

US to leave is the object of wishes ; us is the subject of 
the action expressed in to leave. We may say, then, that 
us is the subject of the infinitive to leave. 

Note that the subject of the infinitive is in the objective case. 

In the sentence, 

My sister w^ants us to meet her, 

us to meet her is the object of wants; us is in the objective 
case, subject of the infinitive to meet. 
In the sentence, 

We expect our brother to see uSy 



THE INFINITIVE WITH A SUBJECT 169 

our brother to see us is the object of expect; brother is in 
the objective case, subject of the infinitive to see, 

373. Read : — 

1. I saw her go. Rer go is the object of saw ; her is in 
the objective case, subject of the infinitive go, 

2. I made him cry. Him cry is the object of made; 
him is in the objective case, subject of the infinitive cry, 

3. He told the children to stop. The children to stop 
is the object of told ; children is in the objective case, 
subject of the infinitive to stop,^ 

374. In the following sentences pick out the infinitive 
with subject : — 

1. He made the monkey dance. 

2. I saw him fall. 

3. We heard the child scream. 

4. Our father expects us to go. 

5. Our mother told us to play. 

6. We found the man to be sick. 

7. I believe him to be honest. 

8. He ordered the men to stop firing. 

9. I felt the pin stick me. 
10. I proved him to be wrong. 

375. In the following sentences pick out the infinitives 
and tell what use each has : — 

1 . ' Our father made us do ^ it. 

2. We expect them to defend us. 

3. The insult made the blood rush to his face. 

1 Some grammarians prefer to call to stop the object of told^ and children 
the indirect object of told. 

2 In describing the use of this infinitive it is best to say that it is the 
infinitive that has for its subject a noun {or pronoun) in the objective case. 



170 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



4. Our teacher wishes us to do our best. 

5. England expects every man to do his duty to-day. 

6. He was glad to have something to love. 

7. Our brother offered to lend us the money. 

8. I advised him to wait. 

376. In the following sentences pick out the infinitives 
and tell what use each has. Tell the object of the infini- 
tive if it has an object. 

1. John was too busy to go. 

2. I told him to go. 

3. It is a great pleasure to help a friend. 

4. It is too late to go to the river. 

5. I believe him to be honest. 

6. I wish you to come to-morrow morning. 

7. We can do nothing but wait. 

8. He took great pains to do his best. 

9. It is bad for a boy to have nothing to do. 

10. The children have come to play baseball. 

11. The child is in the habit of running away. 

12. His chief desire was to save his country. 

13. He does nothing but read. 

14. The ship is about to sail. 

15. The teacher made the children play. 



CXVI. PARTICIPLES 



377. Compare: — 

I 

I have a loving father. 

Here are some tired children. 
The child held a broken pitcher. 



n 

Our father, loving us as he 
does, could not be cruel to us. 

The children, tired of play, 
went to sleep. 

The old man, broken with age, 
hobbled along. 



PARTICIPLES 



171 



In column I the words in italics are adjectives. What 
does each modify ? 

In column II the words in italics are participles. 
Loving is a participle and modifies the noun father. 
Tired is a participle and modifies the noun children. 
Broken is a participle and modifies the noun man. 



378. Compare : — 

I 
Our father loves us. 

John heard the news. 



II 

Our father, loving us as he 
does, could not be cruel to us. 

Having heard the news, John 
went to town. 



Parse the words in italics in column' I. 
In column II us is the object of the participle loving. 
News is the object of the participle having heard. 



379. Compare : — 

I 

A rolling stone gathers no 
moss. 

Running water is generally 
clear. 

We saw the coming storm. 



II 

We saw the stone rolling down 
the hill. 

We saw the children running 
the chickens out of the yard. 

We saw the storm coming. 



Parse the words in italics in column I. 
In column II the words in italics are participles. Tell 
what each participle modifies. 

Note that in the participle the idea of action is stronger than in 
the adjective. 



172 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



380. Compare : — 

I 

The running children passed us. 



II 

The children came running 
by us. 

The horses went galloping 
down the road. 

The pupils came crowding 
about the teacher. 

Parse the word in italics in column I. 

In column II the words in italics are participles. Run- 
ning is a participle and modifies children, Gralloping is a 
participle and modifies horses. Crowding is a participle 
and modifies pupils, 

XoTE. — In these sentences the participle is used like a predicate 
adjective. 

381. In the following sentences pick out the participles 
and tell what each modifies. Tell the object of the parti- 
ciple, if it has an object : — 

1. The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole. 

2. The neighbors, hearing what was going on, came flocking 
about us. 

3. The crowd stood looking at the boy. 

4. Hearing a noise in the yard, he w^ent to the door. 

5. The teacher being absent, tliere was no school. 

6. You ought not to keep us waiting. 

7. We saw the children coming up the road. 

8. Finding himself deserted by his friends, he made a hasty 
retreat. 

9. AVe'll have him whipped for this. 

10. A soldier, wounded in the recent battle, came limping by. 

11. We saw him knocked down by the wagon. 

12. Take the boy to the barber's and have his hair cut. 

13. Having spent the day in idleness, they were compelled to work 
at night. 



HOW TO PARSE VERBS, INFINITIVES, ETC. 173 

14. Money gone, friends dead, he was a pitiable object. 

15. Having been in the saddle all day, he went to bed early. 

382. Ill the following sentences pick out the words 
ending in -ing. Tell of each: (1) What part of speech 
it is, (2) its use. ^ 

1. ;N'o thing in his life became him like the leaving it. 

2. Believing that he was mistaken, I wrote him a long letter. 

3. Tell the boys to stop throwing rocks. 

4. We saw him running across the fields. 

5. Believing a thing to be true doesn't make it true. 

6. The flashes of lightning were very vivid. 

7. He stood during the whole service. 

8. I have no means of knowing what he wants. 

9. Feeling that he was not wanted, he left the room. 
10. We must have a clear understanding of this matter. 

CXVII. HOW TO PARSE VERBS, INFINITIVES, 
AND PARTICIPLES 

383. In parsing verbs, tell : — • 

1. The conjugation : strong or weak. 

2. The principal parts. 

3. Transitive or intransitive. 

4. Voice. 

5. Mood. 

6. Tense. 

7. Person and number. 

8. What the subject is. 

384. In parsing infinitives, tell : — 

1. Voice. 

2. Tense. 

8. What use it has. 



174 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOB BEGINNEBS 

385. In parsing participles^ tell : — 

1. Voice. 

2. Kind : Present, Past, or Perfect. 

3. What it modifies. 

Such verb phrases as can go^ must love^ etc., are parsed 
by simply saying that they are verb phrases^ and telling 
the subject. 

386. Example for parsing verbs : — 

I know that I should obey my father, and I will try to do every- 
thing that he tells me to do. 

Know is a verb of the strong conjugation ; the principal 
parts are know^ knew^ known ; it is a transitive verb, active 
voice, indicative mood, present tense, first person, singular 
number; the subject 'is I. 

Should obey is a verb phrase ; the subject is L 

Will try is a verb of the weak conjugation ; the principal 
parts are try, tried, tried; it is a transitive verb, active 
voice, indicative mood, future tense, first person, singular 
number ; the subject is L 

To do is an infinitive ; active voice, present tense ; it is 
the object of the verb will try. 

Tells is a verb of the weak conjugation ; the principal 
parts are tell, told, told; it is a transitive verb, active 
voice, indicative mood, present tense, third person, sin- 
gular number ; the subject is he. 

To do is an infinitive; active voice, present tense; it 
has a subject me in the objective case. 

387. In the following sentences parse the verbs, the 
infinitives, and the participles : — 



HOW TO PARSE VEBBS, INFINITIVES, ETC. 175 

1. All stood amazed, until an old woman, tottering out from 
among the crowd, put her hand to her brow, and peering under it 
in his face for a moment, exclaimed, "Sure enough ! it is Rip Van 
Winkle." 

2. Another source of fearful pleasure was to pass long winter 
evenings with the old Dutch wives, as they sat spinning by the fire, 
with a row of apples roasting and spluttering along' the hearth, and 
listen to their marvelous tales of ghosts and goblins. 

3. It was a happy lot for children to grow up to manhood and 
womanhood with the Great Stone Face before their eyes. 

4. All the countries of the globe appeared to join hands for the 
mere purpose of adding heap after heap to the mountainous accumu- 
lation of this one man's wealth. 

5. And when Mr. Gathergold had become so very rich that it 
would have taken him a hundred years only to count his wealth, he 
bethought himself of his native valley, and resolved to go back thither, 
and end his days where he was born. 

6. I could do better if I had a fair chance.' 

7. To have taken the field openly against his rival would have 
been madness. 

8. You ought to do your best at all times. 

9. He came clattering up to the school door with an invitation to 
Ichabod to attend a merry-making, or " quilting frolic," to be held 
that evening at Mynheer Van Tassel's. 

10. He goes on Sunday to the church 
And sits among his boys ; 

He hears the parson pjray and preach, 
He hears his daughter's voice 
Singing in the village choir. 
And it makes his heart rejoice. 

11. The neighbors stared when they heard it. Some were seen to 
wink at each other, and put their tongues in their cheeks, and the 
self-important man in the cocked hat, who when the alarm was over 
had returned to the field, screwed down the corners of his mouth and 
shook his head ; upon which there was a general shaking of the head 
throughout the assemblage. 



176 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



CXVIII. ADVERBS 
388. Compare: — 
I 

Whe7i will my father come? 



Why did he say it? 

Where shall we find a house? 



II 



The children asked when their 
father would come. 

I should like to ask why be 
said it. 

Nobody knows 2vhere we shall 
find a house. 

In column I what kind of adverb is each word in italics? 
What does each modify? 

In column II ivhen their father would come is a noun 
clause, the object of asked. When in this clause is an 
interrogative adverb modifying would come. 

Why he said it is a noun clause, the object of ask. 

Why is an interrogative adverb, modifying said. 

Where we shall find a house is a noun clause, the object 
of knows. 

Where is an interrogative adverb, modifying shall find. 



II 

The children shouted when 
their father came. 

We shall live where we can. 



389. Compare : — 
I 

The children asked when their 
father would come. 

Nobody knows ichere we shall 
find a house. 

In column I what kind of adverb is each word in italics? 
What does each modify? 
In column II : — 

The children shouted 



luhen their father came. 
When is a conjunctive adverb. 



ADVERBS 177 

We shall live 

Where is a conjunctive adverb. 

390. In the following sentences tell whether the words in 
italics are interrogative adverbs or conjunctive adverbs: — 

1. We shall go ichen we think we ought to go. 

2. The bird lay whei^e it fell. 

3. He asked me when he must come. 



391. Compare : 



I 

Gold can be found there. 
There he stood, in the middle 
of the road. 



II 

There is gold in this place. 
TJiere was a man in our town. 



In column I what part of speech is there? What does 
it modify? 

In column II there is not an adverb of place. 
In the sentence 

There is gold in this place, 

gold is the real subject of is. There., as used in column 
II, is called an introductory adverb, and is used to throw 
the real subject after the verb. 

In the second sentence man is the real subject of is; 
there is the introductory adverb. 

392. In the following sentences tell what use there 

has : — 

1. There is no time to lose. 

2. There are many things to be done. 

3. There he will stand till his captain relieves him. 

4. There his friends found him, just where he had fallen. 

5. There lay the wounded man. 

N 



II 

The sooner he comes the better 
it will be for him. 



178 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

CXIX. THU AS ADVERB 

393. Compare: — 

I 

The lion and the unicorn were 
fighting for the crown. 

In column I what part of speech is each the? What 
does it modify? 

In column II what part of speech is sooner? better? 
What does each modify? 

In The sooner, The is an adverb, and modifies sooner. 

In the better, the is an adverb, and modifies better. 

Read: — 

(1) the better it will be for him. 

(2) The sooner he comes. 

In clause (2) The is a conjunctive adverb ; it joins the 
two clauses, and modifies sooner. 

394. Other sentences with The as adverb: — 

The more company we have the merrier we shall be. 
The harder he works the better he feels. 

Note. — When the is an adverb, it usually modifies an adverb or an 
adjective in the comparative degree. 

CXX. LIKE AS ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB 

395. Compare: — 

I II 

She is pretty. She is like her mother. 

Parse the word in italics in column I. 
In column II like is a predicate adjective ; it completes 
the predicate is, and modifies the subject she. 



PHRASAL ADVERBS 179 

In the sentence 

She is like her mother, 

mother is in the objective case^ after the adjective like. 

Note. — Adjectives are not usually followed by a noun in the 
objective case; but like is peculiar in this respect. 

396. Compare: — 

He walks quickly, I He walks like his father. 

Parse the word in italics in column I. 

In column II like is an adverb ; it modifies walks. 

In the sentence 

He walks like his father, 

father is in the objective case^ after the adverb like. 

397. Read: — 

He sits near me. 

'Near is an adverb, modifying ntB ; me is a pronoun in 
the objective case, after the adverb near. 

The adverbs that are followed by an objective case are : 
like.^ near^ nigh,, next. 

CXXI. PHRASAL ADYERBS 



398. Compare : — 
I 

He came immediately. 
They marched in quietly. 
The prisoner struggled^erce/y. 

In column I what part of speech are the words in italics ? 
What does each modify ? 

In column II at once., one by one., and in vain are phrases 
used like adverbs ; they are called phrasal adverbs. 



II 

He came at once. 

They marched in one by one. 

The prisoner struggled in vain. 



180 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

CXXII. HOW TO PARSE ADVERBS 

399. To parse an adverb tell : — 

1. What word (or group of words) the adverb modifies. 

2. The degree of comparison, if the adverb is in the 
comparative or the superlative degree. 

If it is an interrogative adverb, or a conjunctive adverb, 
this fact should be stated. 
Example : — 

He will learn better soon ; he cannot do everything at once. 

Better is an adverb in the comparative degree ; it modi- 
fies will learn. 

Soon is an adverb ; it modifies ivill learn. 

Not is an adverb ; it modifies can do. 

At once is an adverb phrase ; it modifies can do, 

400. Parse the adverbs in the following sentences : — 

1. He must work very quickly. 

2. The train came exactly on time. 

3. The girls were walking arm in arm. 

4. The speaker was exceedingly tiresome. 

5. Possibly his statement is not true. 

6. We shall let him find out why he was punished. 

7. Our father came at last. 

8. We shall, however, do what we can in this matter. 

9. I do not know when I shall go. 

10. I will see you later. 

11. The more he walks the better he feels. 

12. He is not so tall as I am. 

13. The boy talks too much. 

14. He does not work hard enough. 

15. Mary writes like her sister. 

16. I found the house easily. 

17. The new pupil sat near me. 



PREPOSITIONS 



181 



CXXIII. PREPOSITIONS 



401. Compare : 



To wliom are you talking? 

For what did you send ? 

In which drawer is the money? 



n 

Whom are you^talking to? 
What did you send for ? 
\Yhich (irate er is the money in ? 

Parse the words in italics in column I. 
In column II the words in italics are parsed just as they 
are in column I. 

Whom is the object of the preposition to. 
What is the object of the preposition /or. 
Drawer is the object of the preposition in. 



402. Compare : — 

I 

He ran front the room. 

We crossed the bridge loithout 
danger. 

The soldier died for his 
brother. 



n 

He ran out o/'the room. ' 
We crossed the bridge in spite 

of the danger. 

The soldier died in place of his 

brother. 



In column I what part of speech are the words in 
italics ? What is the object of each ? 

In column II the phrases out of^ in spite of^ and in place 
of are used with the force of single prepositions ; they 
are called phrasal prepositions. 

Room is the object of out of. 
Danger is the object of in spite of. 
Brother is the object of in place of. 

Some other phrasal prepositions are : instead of,^ on ac- 
count of,, hy way of^ according to, as to, with regard to, etc. 



182 :english gbammab fob beginnebs 

403. Read : — 

He came during the singing. 

You must go, notwithstanding the danger. 

The words in italics are prepositions. 

404. The object of a preposition is usually a noun or 

pronoun, but other parts of speech, or equivalent word 

groups, may sometimes be used as object. 

Read : — 

The sound came from above. 

Above is the object of the preposition /r(?m. 

The boy crawled from under the house. 
Under the house is the object of the preposition /rom. 

He came to where we were standing. 

Where we were standing is a noun clause, object of the 
preposition to, 

405. In the following sentences pick out the prepositions 
and tell the object of each ; tell what each preposition 
phrase modifies : — 

1. The children are in the yard. 

2. You must work according to the rule. 

3. The voice came from behind the door. 

4. He has no fear of failing. 

5. What are you thinking about? 

6. Here are the trees that our father told us about. 

7. He succeeded by means of hard work. 

8. We came to where the soldiers made their last stand. 

9. We came into the church dm'ing the last hymn. 

10. The child does nothing but play. 

11. The boy stood on the burning deck, whence all but him had 
fled. 



CONJUNCTIONS 



183 



12. The bystanders began now to look at each other, nod, wink 
significantly, and tap their fingers against their foreheads. 

13. At this critical moment a fresh comely woman passed through 
the throng to get a peep at the gray-bearded man. 

14. In addition to his other vocations he was the singing master 
of the neighborhood, and picked up many bright \ shillings by in- 
structing the young folks in psalmody. 

15. About this time there went a rumor throughout the valley, 
that the great man, foretold from ages long ago, who was to bear a 
resemblance to the Great Stone Face, had appeared at last. It seems 
that, many years before, a young man had migrated from the valley 
and settled at a distant seaport, where, after getting together a little 
money, he had set up as a shopkeeper. Being shrewd and active, 
and endowed by Providence with that inscrutable faculty which de- 
velops itself in what the world calls luck, he became an exceedingly 
rich merchant, and owner of a whole fleet of bulky-bottomed ships. 
All the countries of the globe appeared to join hands for the mere pur- 
pose of adding heap after heap to the mountainous accumulation of 
this one man's wealth. 



CXXIV. CONJUNCTIONS 



406. Compare : — 



Jonathan and David were 
friends. 

My father is tall anc? handsome. 

I went to town and bought 
the goods for my mother. 

The train carried as quickly 
and safely. 



II 

He walked through the yard 
and through the garden. 

Did your father come by land 
or by sea ? 

He cared for her in sickness 
and in health. 

The enemy fired from the 
roof and from the windows. 



In column I what words are joined by the conjunctions ? 
In column II wh3,t phrases are joined by the conjunctions ? 



18i 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



407. Compare : — 



John is like his father and 
Mary is like her mother. 

Jonathan loved David, hut 
Saul hated him. 

You may go to the fair, or 
you may stay at home. 

These men are enemies, tJiere- 
fore they should be kept apart. 



n 

We love our father because he 
loves us. 

We shall wait at the station 
until the train comes. 

I shall go to the fair if my 
brother comes for me. 

He w^orked so hard that he lost 
his health. 



In column I what clauses are joined by the conjunctions? 
In the first sentence we have two statements : — 

1. John is like his father. 

2. Mary is like her mother. 

One statement is as important as the other. The two 
statements are of the sams order. When we join the two 
statements by and and thus make them into one sentence, 
the two statements are still of the same order. 

The conjunction and joins statements of the same order. 

In the second sentence, 

Jonathan loved David, tut Saul hated him, 

the conjunction hut joins two statements of the same order. 
In the third sentence. 

You may go to the fair, or you may stay at home, 

the conjunction or joins two statements of the same order. 
In the fourth sentence the conjunction therefore joins 

two statements of the same order. 

Conjunctions that join statements of the same order are 

called coordinating conjunctions. 



CONJUNCTIONS 185 

Other coordinating conjanctions are : yet^ stilly for^ as 
well as^ etc. 

In column II there are two statements : — 

1. We love our father 

2. because he loves us. \ 

These two statements are not of the same order. The 
second statement tells the cause for the truth of the 
first statement, and depends upon the first statement. 

The second statement is subordinate to the first statement. 

In the second sentence, 

1. We shall wait at the station 

2. until the train comes, 

the statements are not of the same ^ order. The second 
statement expresses time ; it tells how long we shall wait. 
It depends upon the first statement. 

The second statement is subordinate to the first state- 
ment. 

In the third sentence, 

1. I shall go to the fair 

2. zy my brother comes for me, 

the second statement tells the condition on which I shall 
go to the fair. 

The second statement is subordinate to the first statement. 

In the fourth sentence the second statement is subordi- 
nate to the first statement. 

Conjunctions like because^ until^ if^ and that introduce 
subordinate statements, and are called subordinating con- 
junctions. 

Other subordinating conjunctions are : before^ after^ 
eince^ until^ while^ as^ tJiat^ so that^ lest^ though^ although^ etc. 



186 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



408. Compare : — 

I 

Jonathan and David were 
friends. 

You must send John or his 
brother. 

The enemy fired from the roof 
and from the windows. 

Jonathan loved David, hut Saul 
hated him. 



II 

We shall wait until the train 
comes. 

We came into the house he- 
cause it was growing dark. 

We shall not go unless our 
father gives his consent. 



In column I what do the conjunctions join? Are the 
conjunctions coordinating or subordinating - conjunctions ? 

In column II what do the conjunctions join? Are they 
coordinating or subordinating conjunctions? 

Coordinating conjunctions may join words, phrases, and clauses of 
the same order. Subordinating conjunctions join clauses only, and 
one clause must be subordinate to the other. 

409. In the following sentences pick out the conjunc- 
tions. Tell what each joins, and whether it is a coordi- 
nating or a subordinating conjunction : — 

1. You must come into the house before it begins to rain. 

2. We shall go to town if it does not rain. 

3. We had a holiday because it was Washington's birthday. 

4. He worked hard, but he did not make much money. 

5. We reached the house before our friends left. 

6. I have not seen my brother since he left home. 

7. Time and tide wait for no man. 

8. The family threw pine branches into the fire, till the dry leaves 
crackled and ^ the flame arose. 



1 A coordinating conjunction may join two subordinate clauses ; it is 
only necessary that the clauses shall be of the same order. 



CONJUNCTIONS 187 

9. He doubted whether he was himself or another man. 

10. As he approached the village he met a number of people. 

11. Though he was rather shy and distrustful of his new acquaint- 
ance, Kip complied with his usual alacrity. 

12. If he had been left to himself, he would have whistled his life 
away in perfect contentment. 

CX;^V. CONJUNCTIONS — CoNTiKUED 
410. Compare : — 



I 

John and James came into the 
room. 

You must send William or 
bis brother. 

You must come and you must 
help. 



II 

Both John and James came 
into the room. 

You must send either William 
or his brother. 

You must not only come, hut 
you must also help. 



In column I what do the conjunctions join? 
In column II note that the nouns John and James are 
joined by two words, 

Both John and James. 

The words William and brother are joined by two words, 

either William or his brother. 
The two clauses, 

You must come, 
You must help, 

are joined by 7iot only . . . but also. 

When conjunctions are used in pairs, as both . . . and ; 
either . , . or ; and not only . . . but also^ they are called 
correlative conjunctions. 

Some other correlative conjunctions are, neither . . . nor; 
whether . . , or ; as well . , . as ; etc. 



188 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOE BEGIN NEES 



411. Compare: — 

I 

He will come if he can. 

He stayed till the sun went 
down. 

He hoped that his children 
would do well. 



IT 

It looks as if he will not be 
able to come. 

He stayed as long as he could. 

He denied himself many pleas- 
ures in order' that his children 
might be able to go to school. 



In column I the conjunctions are single words. 

In column II the clauses are joined by word groups: 
as if^ as long as, iii order that. These word groups are 
used like single conjunctions, and are called phrasal 
conjunctions. 



412. Compare : — 

I 

This is the boy that came to 



II 

The boy said that his father 
sent him. 



our house yesterday. 

Parse the word in italics in column I. 
In column II that is a conjunction introducing the noun 
clause that his father sent him. 



413. Compare : — 

I 
He came before daylight. 
I haven't seen my brother since 
last summer. 

We went to sleep after dinner. 



II 

He came before the sun rose. 

I haven't seen my brother since 
he moved to town. 

We went to sleep after we had 
eaten dinner. 

What part of speech are the words in italics in 
column I ? 

What part of speech are the words in italics in 
column II ? 



HOW TO PARSE CONJUNCTIONS 189 



CXXVI. HOW TO PARSE CONJUNCTIONS 

414. In parsing conjunctions tell : — 

1. Whether the conjunction is a coordinating or a sub- 
ordinating conjunction. 

2. What words, or phrases, or clauses are joined by the 
conjunction. 

Note. — Sometimes a sentence begins with a conjunction. It is 
best to say then that the conjunction joins the sentence to something 
that goes before. 

415. Parse the conjunctions in the following sen- 
tences : — 

1. He had various ways of rendering himself both useful and 
agreeable. 

2. He acted as if he were mad. 

3. The brook was searched, but the body of the schoolmaster was 
not found. 

4. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 

5. He showed his uneasiness both in his manner and in his speech. 

6. Since there is nothing else to do, we had better go. 

7. We spent a whole day in the little town in order that the 
horses might have a rest. 

8. You may go as soon as you have learned your lesson. 

9. He was not rich, although he had worked hard. 

10. It was a happy lot for children to grow up to manhood or 
womanhood with the Great Stone Face before their eyes, for all the 
features were noble, and the expression w^as at once grand and sweet, 
as if it were the glow of a vast warm heart, that embraces all man- 
kind in its affections and had room for more. 

11. And then all three of the speakers gave a great shout, which 
communicated electricity to the crowd, and called forth a roar from a 
thousand voices that went reverberating for miles among the moun- 
tains, until you might have supposed that the Great Stone Face had 
poured its thunder breath into the cry. 



190 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

12. The mists had congregated about the distant mountain side, 
and there were seen the grand and awful features of the Great Stone 
Face, awful but benignant, as if a mighty angel were sitting among 
the hills, and enrobing himself in a cloud vesture of gold and purple. 



CXXVII. WORDS USED AS DIFFERENT 
PARTS OF SPEECH 

416. Note carefully the use of the following words : — 

What 
What may be 

1. A relative pronoun : — 

He did what he could. 

2. An interrogative pronoun : — 

What did jon ssijl 

3. An interrogative adjective : — 

What kind of man is he ? 

What right has he to come here ? 

4. An exclamatory adjective : — 

What men, what women ! 

5. Conjunction (correlative) : — 

What with lying, and what with stealing, he came to a bad end 
at last. 

That 
That may be 

1. A relative pronoun : — 

This is the house that Jack built. 

2. A demonstrative adjective : — 

Please hand me that chair. 



WORDS USED AS DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH 191 

3. A demonstrative pronoun : — 

That is my brother in the carriage. 

4. A conjunction (subordinate): — 

He died that we might live. 

My brother is so sick that he cannot go. 

I hope that he will be well soon. ^ 

5. An adverb of degree : — 

That far he may go, but no farther. 

But 
But may be 

1. A coordinating conjunction : — 

My father came, but he did not stay long. 

2. A subordinating conjunction : — 

It never rains but it pours. 

3. An adverb : — 

The seven years seemed but one day. 

4. A relative pronoun : — 

There lives no man but knows that he must die. 

5. A preposition : — 

No one but an enemy would do this. 

As 

As may be 

1. A subordinating conjunction : — 

(a) He watches me as a cat would watch a mouse (manner). 

(b) You are as tall as your brother [is], (degree). 

(c) As we came along the street we saw a strange sight (time). 

(d) As we had promised to get home before dark we took our 

leave (reason). 



192 ENGLISH GRAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

Sometimes as introduces, not a clause, but a single 

word : — 

He went to the war as captain. 

Captain is a predicate noun. 

He acted as umpire. 

Umpire is a predicate noun. 

2. An adverb : — 

You are as tall as your brother [is]. 

3. A relative pronoun : — 

I do not care for such nonsense as Frank writes. 

Like 
Like may be 

1. A noun : — 

I shall never look upon his like again. 

2. A verb : — 

I like good pictures. 

3. An adjective : — 

He is like his mother. 

4. An adverb : — 

He walks like his father. 

417. In the following sentences parse the words in 
italics : — 

1. What kind of coat did he wear? 

2. I think that he is mistaken. 

3. He went to town, where he set up as shopkeeper. 

4. Here is the house that we live in. 

5. All went hut me. 

6. He can run like a deer. 

7. Xo man was present hut wished himself away. 



WOBJDS USED AS DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH 193 

8. He did such little jobs as he could. 

9. John was not so ambitious as his brother was. 

10. He needed but one dollar more. 

11. He writes as rapidly as he can. 

12. What fools these mortals be ! 

13. We went so late that we could not get in*, 

14. That is the right answer. 

15. He came to see what we had. 

16. My father said that I might go. 

17. There was no one present hut the watchman. 

18. Let us tread but one "measure. 

19. What must I do with the book ? 

20. Here are the books that you sent me for. 

21. There was not a soldier but would have died for his country, 

418. Parse each word in the following sentences : — 

ISToTE. — Parse verb phrases, phrasal advQrbs, phrasal adjectives, 
etc., as single parts of speech. 

1. Cocks crow in the morn 

To tell us to rise. 

2. There was an old woman who rode on a broomo 

3. I loved thee long and dearly, Florence Vane. 

4. My life is like the print, which feet 

Have left on Tampa's desert strand. 

5. This story has been told far and wide, and will forever be a 
legend of these mountains. 

6. The adventurers, therefore, exchanged hospitable greetings, and 
welcomed one another to the hut, where each man was the host, and 
all were the guests of the whole company. 

7. I had a very good friend, a physician, whose name was Heath, 
whom I frequently visited during the dreadful time,- and to whose 
advice I was very much obliged for many things which he directed 
me to take by way of preventing the infection when I went out. 

8. All the stories of ghosts and goblins that he had heard in the 
afternoon now came crowding upon his recollection. The night grew 
darker and darker ; the stars seemed to sink deeper in the sky, and 



194 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

driving clouds occasionally hid them from his sight. He had never 
felt so lonely and dismal. He was, moreover, approaching that very 
place where many of the scenes of the ghost stories had been laid. 
In the center of the road stood an immense tulip tree, which towered 
like a giant above all the other trees of the neighborhood, and formed 
a kind of landmark. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large 
enough to form trunks for ordinary trees, twisting down almost to 
the earth, and rising again into the air. 



PART IV 

The object of Part IV is to teach the pupil to analyze the 

seiitence, 

CXXVIII. DECLARATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, 
AND IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 

419. Compare : — 

I ' n 



Jonathan loved David. 
Solomon asked for wisdom. 
Daniel was cast into the lions' 
den. 



Did David love Jonathan ? 
What did Solomon want? 
Was Daniel afraid ? 



In column I each sentence makes a statement. 

In column II each sentence asks a question. 

A sentence that makes a statement or declaration is a 
declarative sentencco 

A sentence that asks a question is an interrogative 
sentence. 

420. In an interrogative sentence the subject comes 
after the predicate or a part of the predicate. 
Read : — 

Subject Predicate Object 

Did David love Jonathan? David did love Jonathan. 

What did Saul want ? Saul did want what ? 

195 



196 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



n 

Bring us a bucket of water, 
John. 

Come into the house, chil- 
dren. 

Lend nie five dollars. 



421. Compare: — 

I 

John brought a bucket of 
water. 

The children came into the 
house. 

My brother lent me some 
money. 

In column I each sentence makes a statement. 

In column II the sentences express a command or a 
request. 

A sentence that expresses a command, or a request is an 
imperative sentence. 

422. In the following exercise tell what kind of sen- 
tence each is : — 

1. Shall not the judge of all the earth do right ? 

2. The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold. 

3. Give me some bread. 

4. Who is at the door? 

5. Arrest the first man that leaves the building. 

6. What are vou looking for? 



CXXIX. SIMPLE, COMPLEX, AND COMPOUND 

SENTENCES 
423. Compare : — 



I 
Jonathan loved David. 

Joseph knew his brothers. 



We must do right. 
Was Daniel afraid ? 
Strike for your homes. 



II 

Jonathan tried to save David 
because he loved him. 

Joseph knew his brothers when 
they came to the court of Pharaoh 
before they knew him. 



SIMPLE AND COMPOUND SENTENCES 197 

Note the form of the sentences in column I ; each is a 
single statement, or question, or command. 

A single statement, or question, or (Command is a simple 
sentence. 

Note the form of the sentences in column II : — 

1. Jonathan tried to save David 

because he loved him. 

There are two statements, or clauses, in this sen- 
tence : — 

The first clause, 

Jonathan tried to save David, 

is the main statement, and is called the principal clause. 
The second clause, 

because he loved him, 

depends upon the main statement, and is called, therefore, 
the subordinate clause. 

2. Joseph knew his brothers 

when they came to the court of Pharaoh 
before they knew him. 

The first clause, 

Joseph knew his brethren, 

is the main statement, and is called the principal clause. 
The other clauses in this sentence depend upon the main 
statement, and are called subordinate clauses. 

A sentence that is made up of one principal clause and 
one or more subordinate clauses is called a complex sen- 
tence. 



198 



ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 



424. Compare : — 

I 

Jonathan tried to save David 
because he loved him. 

Joseph knew his brothers be- 
fore they knew him. 

We must do right if we do not 
wish to suffer. 



II 

Jonathan loved David, but 
Saul hated him. 

Joseph knew his brothers, but 
they did not know him. 

We must do right, or we shall 
suffer, and our suffering will be 
great. 



In column I are the sentences simple or complex ? 
Why? What kind of conjunction is because^ before? if? 
Note the form of the sentences in column II : — 

1. Jonathan loved David, 

2. but Saul hated him. 

This sentence is made up of two members, each of which 
is a principal clause. 

1. We must do right, 

2. or we shall suffer, 

3. and our suffering will be great. 

This sentence is made up of three members, each of 
which is a principal clause. 

A sentence that is made up of two or more members, 
each of which is a principal clause, is a compound sentence. 





CXXX. 


THE SB 


IPLE SENTl 


425. 


Read : — 










Subject 


Predicate 






Birds 


fly. 






We 


walk. 






To work 


pays. 






Running 


was forbidden. 






The poor 


must be helped. 



THE SIMPLE SENTENCE 



199 



In column I note what things may be the subject of a 
sentence : — 

1. A noun (^Birds). 

2. A pronoun (TF^). 

3. An infinitive : — , 

(a) Infinitive with sign to (^To worTt), 
(5) Infinitive in -ing {Running). 

4. Adjective used as a noun (The jt?0(9r). 



426. Read: — 






Subject 


Predicate 


Object 


The hunter 


killed 


a bear. 


James 


wounded 


it. 


He 


likes 


to hunt. 


You 


must stop 


talking. 


We 


must help 


the poor. 



The object in a sentence may be : — 

1. A noun (hear). 

2. A pronoun {it). 

3. An infinitive {to hunt ; talking). 

4. An adjective used as a noun {the poor). 
Note. — Not every sentence contains an object. 

427. In the following sentences tell what thing is used 

as subject and what as object (if there is an object): — 

Example : — 

Walking is good exercise. 

Walking is the subject of is; it is an infinitive in -ing. 

1. To see is to believe. 

2. William wishes to go to town. 

3. My father told me to come home. 

4. He heard the rolling of the thunder. 

5. The rich must help the poor. 



200 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



428. Compare : — 

I 

The soldier was found the next 
morning. 

We laid him to rest. 

They rode well. 



II 

The next morning the soldier 
was fomid. 

Slowly and sadly we laid him 
to rest. 

Stormed at with shot and shell, 

Boldly they rode and well. 

Tell the subject of the verb in each sentence in column II. 

Kote that the subject does not always come first in the sentence. 

429. In the following sentences pick out the subject 
and the verb : — 

1. Great is Diana of the Ephesians. 

2. Into the jaws of death rode the six hundred. 

3. In the center of the road stood an enormous tulip tree. 

4. Now and then the long-drawn crowing of a cock would sound 
far off. 

5. Still there was no answer. 



CXXXI. COMPLEMENTS 



430. 



Read : — 

I 


II 


Washington was 
That is 


president, 
he. 


Washington was 
To teach is 


patriotic, 
to learn. 


Seeing is 
The horse is 


believing. 

in good condition 



Note that there is only a part of each sentence in col- 
umn I. The words in column I do not make a sentence. 

The words in column II, president^ he^ etc., are needed 
to complete, the sentences. 



COMPLEMENTS 201 

A word, or group of words, added to a verb to complete 
a sentence is called a complement. 

Note. — The complements in these sentences are all used after the 
verb to he, which is an intransitive verb. 

431. A complement may be : — 

^President 



A noun . . ,. ,. 

VA predicate nouny 

2. A pronoun ( . .. . . ]. 

VA predicate nominative/ 

o . 1 . , . f patriotic 
6. An adiective p. ,. 

\A predicate adjective 

, , . ^ . , . [to learn ; believing \ 

4. An innnitive r. .i i V. 

\Botn used as predicate nouns/ 

r . .,. 1 /in good condition 

5. A preposition phrase Lt^, "^ , . .,. 

Vine phrase is a predicate adj, 



432. 


Read: 


— • 


II 






Washington became 


prei<i(lenL ■ 






The boy seems 


happy. 






The apple tastes 


good. 






I feel 


had. 



In column II the words are complements. 
The verbs became., seems., tastes^ and feel are intransitive 
verbs. 

433. In the following sentences pick out the comple- 
ments and tell what each is (noun, pronoun, adjective, 
infinitive, or preposition phrase). Tell how each comple- 
ment is used : — 



202 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

Example : — 

This is my brother. 

Brother is a complement ; it is a predicate noun. 

1. Shakespeare was a poet. 

2. All of us grew tired. 

3. This rose smells sweet. 

4. It soon grew dark. 

5. John is in a bad humor. 

6. We must be honest. 

7. The boy looks well. 

8. All of us were seasick. 

9. Keats w^ould have become a great poet. 
10. The child felt happy. 



CXXXII. COMPLEMENTS AFTER TRANSITIVE 

VERBS 
434. Compare : — = 



I 

The people elected Washington. 

He frightened me. 



II 

The people made Washington 
President. 

He made me afraid. 

They danced themselves out of 
breath. 



In column I are the verbs transitive or intransitive ? 
What is the object of each ? 

In column II are the verbs transitive or intransitive ? 
The words in italics are complements. 

435. The complements of a transitive verb may be : — 
1. A noun : — 

The people made Washington President* 



COMPLEMENTS AFTER TRANSITIVE VERBS 203 

President is a complement ; ' it completes the verb made^ 
and means the same thing as the object Washington; it is 
an objective predicate noun. 

2. An adjective : — 

He made me afraid. ^ 

Afraid is a complement ; it completes the verb made, 
and modifies the object me; it is an objective predicate 
adjective. 

3. A preposition phrase : — 

They danced themselves out of breath. 

Out of breath is a complement ; it completes the verb 
danced^ and modifies the object themselves. 

436. In the following sentences pick out the comple- 
ments and tell what each is (noun, pronoun, adjective, 
infinitive, or preposition phrase). Tell how each comple- 
ment is used : — 

Example : — 

The letter made him. happy. 

Happy is a complement ; it is an objective predicate 

adjective. 

1. The medicine made the child well. 

2. We saw the boy running down the hill. 

3. My father is in a good humor now. 

4. The people were ready to believe him. 

5. He made the sticks of equal length. 

6. His name was Gathergold. 

7. The tramp made himself very objection-able. 

8. He became an exceedingly rich merchant. 

9. Almost involuntarily he had become a preacherc 

10. The boy made him_self useful. 

11. The accident made John a cripple. 

12. The farmer made the ditch deep. 



204 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



CXXXIII. 



437. Read: 



MODIFIERS — MODIFIERS OF THE 
SUBJECT 

II 



John's father 

My father 

Goliath, the giant, 

The gi^eat giant 

The man in the moon 

His desire to speak 

Seeing me in the yard, he 

Parse the words in italics in column I 



lives in the country. 

lives in town. 

was killed by David. 

was killed by a young boy. 

came down too soom 

was seen by all. 

came out. 



438. The modifiers of the subject may be : — - 

1. A noun in the possessive case (John's^. 

2. A pronoun in the possessive case {My^. 

3. A noun in apposition (^giant). 

4. An adjective (^greaf). 

6. A preposition phrase (m the moon). 

6. An infinitive {to speak), 

7. A participle {seeing). 

Note. — Nouns used as object or as complement may have the 
same modifiers that the subject may haveo 



CXXXIV. MODIFIERS OF THE PREDICATE 



439. Compare : — 

I 

He writes. 

He came. 

He waited. 

I gave a good mark to him. 

He walked far. 

Parse the words in italics in column II 



II 

He writes rapidly. 

He came in great haste. 

He waited to see us. 

I gave the pupil a good mark. 

He walked a mile. 



THE COMPOUND SUBJECT 205 

440. The modifiers of the predicate may be: — 

1. An adverb i^rapidly^, 

2. A preposition phrase {in great haste). 

3. An infinitive (to see us). 

4. An indirect object (pupil). , 

5. An adverbial objective (mile). 

441. In the following sentences pick out modifiers of 
the subject and modifiers of the predicate: — 

1. Ernest still dwelt in his native valley. 

2. More years sped rapidly and tranquilly away. 

3. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 

4. My father made me a kite. 

5. He went to see his father. 

6. Hoping for the best, he hurried to the house. 

7. We lived there many years. 

CXXXV. THE COMPOUND SUBJECT 

442. Compare : — 
I i 11 

John and his brother came into 
the room. 

The plates, the knives, and the 
forks were lost. 

In column I what is the subject of each verb ? 

In column II note that in the first sentence there are 

two subjects of the verb came : — 

John and his brother. 

In the second sentence there are three subjects of the 

verb were lost : — 

plates, knives, ^Liid forks. 

When there are two or more subjects of the same predi- 
cate, the subject is a compound subject. 



John came into the room. 
The plates were lost. 



206 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

CXXXVI. THE COMPOUND PREDICATE 
443. Compare : — 



I 

David killed Goliath. 

John came into the room. 



II 

David killed Goliath and cut 
off his head. 

John came into the room, took 
a book from the shelf, and studied 
his lesson. 



Pick out the predicates in column 11. 
When there are two or more predicates to the same 
subject, the predicate is a compound predicate. 

Note. — A sentence may contain a compound object, a compomid 
modifier, etc. 

444. The subject with all its modifiers is usually called 
the complete subject. 

The predicate with all its modifiers is usually called the 
complete predicate. 

CXXXVIL INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS OF THE 

SENTENCE 

445. If a word, or group of words, is not a grammatical 
part of the structure of the sentence, it is called an inde- 
pendent element. 

Independent elements are : — 

1. A nominative of address : — 

John, come here. 

2. Exclamatory words or phrases : — 

Well I T never saw the like. 
Good gracious I how you hop. 



ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 207 

3. An infinitive phrase, used parenthetically : — 

He is, to speak plainly , not very bright. 

4. A participle phrase : — 

Talking of ghosts, here's a story for you. 

5. A preposition phrase, used parenthetically : — • 

There is, in fact, nothing else to do. 

6. A clause, used parenthetically : — 

This name was given, we are told, by the good housewives of the 
adjacent country. 

CXXXVIIL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 
446. To analyze a simple sentence, tell : — 

1. The complete subject. 

2. The complete predicate. 

3. The simple subject. 

4. The verb. 

6. The object (if there is one). 

6. The complement (if there is one). 

7. The modifiers of the subject. 

8. The modifiers of the predicate. 

9. The modifiers of the object. 

10. The modifiers of the complement. 

The proper analysis of the sentence is so important that 
a large number of examples are given here. If the pupil 
will work over these examples carefully, he ought to have 
little trouble with the exercise that follows. 



208 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

Examples ^ : — 

1. Grasping his sword with both hands, he struck his antagonist 
dead. 

Complete subject : he, grasping his sword with 

both hands. 
Complete predicate : struck his antagonist dead, 
he : simple subject, 
struck : verb, 
antagonist : object. 

dead : complement (objective predi- 
cate adjective), 
grasping his sword with 

both hands : participle phrase, modifying 7ie. 

with both hands : adverb phrase, modifying grasp- 
ing. 
his : pronoun, possessive case, modi- 
fies antagonist. 

2. In the center of the road stood an enormous tulip tree. 

Complete subject : an enormous tulip tree. . 
Complete predicate : stood in the center of the road, 
tree : simple subject, 
stood : verb. 

am T . r-r 

1^ : adiectives, modify tree, 
enormous J ^ ' ^ 

in the center of the road : adverb phrase, modifies stood, 

of the road : adjective phrase, modifies center, 

3. Full many a gem of purest ray serene 

The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. 

1 To THE Teacher. — See that the pupil understands clearly the analy- 
sis of each of these sentences. 



ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 209 

Complete subject : The dark "unfathomed caves of 
ocean. 
Complete predicate : bear full many a gem of purest 

ray serene, 
caves : simple subject, 
bear : verb, 
gem : object, 
the] 
dark } : adjectives, modify caves. 
unfathomed j 

of ocean : adjective phrase, modifies caves, 
many a : phrasal adjective, modifies gem. ^ 
full : adverb, modifies many a. 
of purest ray serene : adjective phrase, modifies ^^m. 

4. It is useless to make the attempt. 

Complete subject : It (to make the attempt). 
Complete predicate : is useless. 

It : grammatical subject, 
to make the attempt : real subject, 
is : verb, 
useless : complement (predicate adjec- 
tive). 

CXXXIX. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES — 

Continued 

When the sentence is short, it is not necessary to give 
complete subject and complete predicate. 

5. Who are you? 

you : subject. 

are : verb, 
who : complement (predicate nomina- 
p tive). 



210 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGTNNERS 

6. You must not stay too long. 

You : subject, 
must stay : verb. 

not : adverb, modifies must stay, 
long : adverb, modifies must stay, 
too : adverb, modifies long. 

7. He died many years ago. 

He : subject, 
died : verb, 
years : adverbial objective, modifies died, 
many : adjective, modifies years, 
ago : adjective, modifies years, 

8. Many years before, a young man had migrated from the valley. 

man : subject. 

had migrated : verb. 

a] ,. . ,.. 

young ^ ' adjectives, modify man, 

from the valley : adverb phrase, modifies had migrated, 
before : adverb, modifies had migrated, 
years : adverbial objective, modifies before, 
many : adjective, modifies years. 

9. I haven't time to go. 

I : subject, 
have : verb, 
time : object. 

not : adverb, modifies have, 
to go : infinitive, modifies time. 



ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 211 

10. He made me do it. 

He : subject, 
made : verb, 
me do it : object of made. 

do : infinitive with subject in the objective case, 
me : subject of infinitive do. 
it : object of infinitive do. 

11. I heard him say it. 

I : subject, 
heard : verb, 
him say it : object. 

say : infinitive with subject in t^he objective case, 
him : subject of infinitive sai/, 
it : object of infinitive sai/. 

12. I saw him go. 

I : subject, 
saw : verb. 
him go : object. 

go : infinitive with subject in the objective case. 

13. He told me to go. 

He : subject, 
told ; verb. 
me to go : object of told. 

to go : infinitive with subject in the objective case, 
me : subject of infinitive to go. 



212 ENGLISH GBAMMAE FOR BEGINNERS 

CXL. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES — 

Continued 

14, My father gave us a ride. 

father : subject, 
gave : predicate, 
ride : object of gave. 
us : indirect object of gave. 
my : pronoun, possessive case, modifies father. 
a : article, modifies ride. 

15o We were given a ride by my father. 

We : subject, 
were given : verb. 

ride : retained object of weregiven^ 
a : article, modifies ride, 
by my father : adverb phrase, modifies were given. 

In sentence 14 the noun ride is the object of the verb 
gave^ and us is the indirect object of gave. If we make 
this indirect object us the subject of the passive verb 
phrase, we have sentence 15. The noun ride^ which was 
the object of the active verb gave^ just remains after the 
passive verb were given; the passive verb phrase cannot 
take a real object, so the noun ride^ when used in this way 5 
is called a retained object. 

16 I was told to gOc 

I : subject, 
was told 1 : verb, 

to go : complement, completes the predicate and 
tells something of the subject, 

1 Note that the verb is a passive verb phrase. 



ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 



213 



17. He is about to go. 

He : subject, 
is : verb. 
about to go : adverb phrase, modifies is ; to go 
is an infinitive, object of the 
preposition about. ' 

18. They seemed to hesitate. 

They : subjecto 
seemed : verb. 
to hesitate : complement, completes the predi- 
cate and modifies the subject. 

19. I believe him to be my brother. 



I 

believe 

him to be my brother 

him 

to be 



my 



20. I believe him to be honest. 



subject. 

verb. 

object. 

subject of infinitive to be. 

infinitive with subject in the objec- 
tive case. 
brother : predicate noun, objective case, 
completes to be and means same 
thing as hivi. 

pronoun, modifies brother^ 



I 

believe 

him to be honest 

him 

to be 

honest 



subject, 

verb. 

object. 

subject of infinitive to be. 

infinitive, with subject in the objec- 
tive case. 

complement, completes infinitive 
to be. and modifies him. 



214 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

21. He ordered me to shoot. 

He : subject, 
ordered : verb, 
me to shoot : object. 

me : subject of infinitive to shoot. 

22. Let me go. 

[You] : subjecto 

let : verb, 
me go : object. 

me : subject of infinitive go. 



CXLI. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES — 

Continued 

23. She does nothing but sing all day long. 

She : subject, 
does : verb, 
nothing : object. 

but sing : adjective phrase, modifies nothing ; sing is an 
infinitive, object of the preposition but, 
long : adverb, modifies sing. 
day : adverbial objective, modifies long. 
all : adjective, modifies dai/. 

24. He seems to be angry. 

He : subject, 
seems : verb, 
to be angry : complement of seems. 

angry : complement, completes to be and modifies he. 



AJSFALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES 215 

25. He went home. 

He : subjecto 
■ went : verb, 
home : adverb, modifies went. 

26. This book is worth two dollars. 

book : subject, 
is : verb, 
worth : complement, predicate adjective, 
dollars : adverbial objective, modifies worth. 
This : adjective, modifies hook, 
two : adjective, modifies dollars. 

27. He went to the war as captain. 

He : subject, 
went : predicate, 
captain : complement, predicate noun, com- 
pletes the predicate, and means 
the same thing as subject, 
as : conjunction, introducing single 
word, captain, 
to the war : adverb phrase, modifies went. 

28. He did good work as pitcher. 

He : subject. 
did : predicate, 
work : object. 
pitcher : noun in apposition with he. 

as : conjunction, brings pitcher into 
apposition with he, 
good : adjective, modifies work. 



216 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

29. It is a good thing for him to have to work. 

It : grammatical subject, 
to have to work : real subject. 

to work : infinitive, object of to have. 
is : verb, 
thing : complement, predicate noun« 
a, good: adjectives, modify thing. 
for him : adjective phrase, modifies thing. 

30. He asked me a question. 

He : subject, 
asked : verb, 
question : object. 

a : article, modifies question. 
me : me is not a real indirect object of 
asked^ but it is nearer to that 
construction than to any other. 

31. A great many men were there. 

men : subject, 
were : verb. 
A great many : phrasal adjective, modifies men. 
there : adverb, modifies were. 

32. More than a hundred men were there. 

men : subject, 
were : verb. 
More than a hundred : phrasal adjective, modifies men. 
there : adverb, modifies were. 

33. You should love one another. 

You : subject, 
should love : verb, 
one another : pronoun, object of should love. 



EXERCISES 217 



CXLII. EXERCISES 

447. Analyze the following sentences : ^ — 

1. With all thy faults, I love thee still, my country I 

2. I like to study mathematics. ^ 

3. There dwelt a miller, hale and bold. 
Beside the river Dee. 

4. Little ]\Iiss Brag has much to sajo 

5. Truth, crushed to earth, will rise again. 

6. Her mother came and caught her, 
- And spanked her little daughter, 

For spoiling her nice, new clothes. 

7. ril sit ver}^ still and say nothing but quack 
The whole of the long day through. 

8. Whom are yoLi talking to? 

9. Why did you wait so long? 

10. Do you call this man a genius? 

11. Jack and Jill went up the hill 
To fetch a pail of water. 

12. His greatest desire was to save his country. 

13. John had some trouble in finding the house. 

11. The judge ordered the policeman to keep his eye on the 
prisoner. 

15. The teacher being absent, there was no school. 

16. It was a happy lot for children to grow up to manhood or 
womanhood with the Great Stone Face before their eyes. 

17. The train ran a mile an hour. 

18. The boys made Henry their leader. 

19. Which house do you live in ? 

20. The inhabitants of this valley^ in short, were numerous and 
of many modes of life. 

1 Give the pupil practice in both oral and written analysis. 



218 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



21. According to the belief of many people, the valley owed much 
of its fertility to this benign aspect. 

22. He would sit on a wet rock and fish all day without a murmur. 

23. Up the chimney the fire roared and brightened the room with 
its broad blaze. 

21. In the simplicity of my heart, believing it to be right, I put 
my ear to the stone. 

25. One afternoon, a mother and her little boy sat at the door of 
their cottage, talking about the Great Stone Face. 

26. Multitudes came every summer to visit that natural curiosity, 
the Great Stone Face. 

27. Not a few old-fashioned people, and young ones likewise, in 
the ardor of their hopes, still cherished an enduring faith in this old 
prophecy. 

28. In this manner, from a happy, yet often pensive child, he grew 
up to be a mild, quiet, unobtrusive boy, sunbrowned with labor in the 
fields. 

CXLIII. ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES 



448. Compare : — 

I 

He is taller than you. 

She is as tall as you. 

He is the man I am looking 



for. 

He stayed as long as possible. 

There it was, plainly to be 
seen, though miles away. 

The Face looked no more 
kindly at P^rnest than at all the 
world besides. 

I cannot stay longer than a 
day. 

This dog has more intelligence 
than is usually found in animals. 



II 

He is taller than you [are]o 

She is as tall as you [are]. 

He is the man [that] I am 
looking for. 

He stayed as long as [it was] 
possible [to stay]. 

There it was, plainly to be 
seen, though [it was] miles away. 

The Face looked no more 
kindly at Ernest than [it looked] 
at all the world besides. 

I cannot stay longer than a day 
[is long]. 

This dog has more intelligence 
than [that is wliich] is usually 
found in anixnakp 



COMPLEX SENTENCES 219 

We know that some part of each sentence m column I 
is omitted, that something is understood. Such sentences 
are called elliptical sentences. 

The part that is omitted in each sentence in column 
I is supplied in brackets in column II. It is necessary 
to supply the omitted part in order to analyze the sen- 
tence. 

Supply the omitted part of the following sentences : — 

1. My brother is older than I. 

2. We reached the station as early as possible. 

3. I shall not forget you, though far away. 



CXLIV. COMPLEX SENTENCES 

449. Read: — 

1. I know that he will come. 

2. This is the house that Jack huilt, 

3. We left when it began to rain. 

Each of these sentences contains a principal clause and 
a subordinate clause ; each sentence is, therefore, a complex 
sentence. 

In the first sentence the subordinate clause is a noun 
clause. 

In the second sentence the subordinate clause is an ad- 
jective clause. 

In the third sentence the subordinate clause is an adverb 
clause. 

Subordinate clauses are of three kinds: — 

1. Noun clauses. 

2. Adjective clauses. 

3. Adverb clauses. 



220 



ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 



CXLV. NOUN CLAUSES 



450. Compare: — 

I 

His statement is true. 

We believed his stoiy. 
His reply was a surprise. 

One fact, his presence in the 
house, has been proved. 

He went to the end of the 
road. 



II 

What he says is true. 

That the team would he defeated 
was expected by all. 

We believed that he told a true 
story. 

His reply was what we did not 
expect. 

The fact that he was in the house 
has been proved. 

He went to where the road 
stopped. 

It has been proved that the earth 
is round. 



Tell how each noun in italics is used in column I ? 
In column II the noun clauses have the following uses: 

1. As subject : — 

(a) What he says. 

(b) That the team tvould be defeated^ 

2. As object of the verb: — 

That he told a true story. 

3. As complement (predicate nominative)? — 

What we did not expect. 

4. As noun in apposition: — 

That he teas in the house, 

5. As object of a preposition: — 

Where the road ends. 

6. As real subject (after it): — 

■ That the earth is round. 



moujsr CLAUSES 221 

451. Read: — 

I am certain that he will come. 

In this sentence the noun clause that he will come is the 
object of am certain^ which is equivalent to a transitive 
verb (know). Treat similarly clauses after am sorry ^ am 
sure^ am aware^ etc. 

452. Read: — 

He was told that he must go> 

In the sentence, 

We told him that he must go, 

the clause that he must go is a noun clause, the object of 
told ; him is the indirect object of told. In the sentence, 

He was told that he must go, 

the clause that he must go is a noun clause, the retained 
object after the passive verb phrase was told. See p. 212. 

Who steals my purse steals trash. 

Who steals my purse is a noun clause, the subject of steals. 

453. In the following sentences pick out the noun 
clauses and tell the use of each : — 

1. Whatever is is right. 

2. I believe that he will come soon. 

3. That he will come soon is believed by all. 

4. We were told that he would come soon. 

5. I am sure that he will come soon. 

6. We believe that what he says is true. 

7. It has been announced that the meeting willbe held. 

8. I have no doubt that many members will be present. 

9. Whether we shall go or not is uncertain. 

10. His report, that the enemy was in sight, was not true. 

11. His statement was what no one could believe. 

12. We must judge him by what he says. 



222 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



CXLVI. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 

454. Adjective clauses modify the same things that 
adjectives modify. 

Read : — 

The man who came to the house is my brother. 

He found the knife which he had lost. 

This is the stick that he was struck with. 

There is no one but knows the truth of this matter. 

I love such as love me. 

This is the place where he ought to be. 

This is the time when he should come. 

There is no reason why he should not come. 

The adjective clause may be introduced by the relative 
pronouns who^ which^ that^ and by but^ as^ when^ where^ 
and why, 

455. Read: — 

We went to see the place where the battle was fought. 

Where the battle was fought is an adjective clause, modi- 
fying place ; where is equivalent to m which. 
I do not like such trash as he writes. 
As he writes is an adjective clause, modifying trash. 

456. In the following sentences pick out the adjective 
clauses, and tell what each modifies : — 

1. This is the man whose house was burned. 

2. There lives no man but knows that he must die. 

3. He has done that which he ought not to have done. 

4. He came to the place where we were to meet him. 

5. He has brought me the book that I asked for. 

6. I do not like such conduct as that. 

7. There are many reasons why he should go. 

8. He that is down need fear no fall. 



ADVERB CLAUSES 223 



CXLVII. ADVERB CLAUSES 

457. Adverb clauses modify the same things that ad- 
verbs modify. 

1. Adverb clauses of time : — ' 

We went when they came, ■ 

We stayed until the game was over. 

Other conjunctions introducing adverb clauses of time 
are: before^ aftei% while^ since^ as^ etc. 

2. Adverb clauses of place : — 

He lay where he fell. 

Whither I go, ye cannot come. 

Other conjunctions: wherever^ whence^ etc. 

8. Adverb clauses of manner : — 

. He did as T did. 
He acted as if he were crazy. 

4. Adverb clauses of comparison: — 

He is as tall as I am. 

He is taller than I am. 

John is not so studious as his sister. 

5. Adverb clauses of cause : — 

He will succeed because he is industrious. 

He could not have heard it, for he was not there. 

Other conjunctions: since^ as., etc. 

6. Advevh cl^^uses oi purpose: — 

He died that we might live. 

He came early in order that he might get a good seat. 

Other conjunctions: so that^ lest^ etc. 



224 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOB BEGINNERS 

7. Adverb clauses of result : — 

It rained so hard that all the bridges were washed away. 

He planted so early that all his vegetables were killed by the frost. 

The conjunction so that often introduces a clause of 
result. 

8. Adverb clauses of condition: — 

I shall not go unless you go with me. 
We shall come if we can. 

Other conjunctions: except^ provided.^ etc. 

9. Adverb clause of coiicession: — 

I will trust in him though he slay me. 
Other conjunctions: although^ notwithstanding,, etc. 

458. In the following sentences pick out the adverb 
clauses; tell what kind of adverb clause each is, and what 
it modifies: — 

1. We did not reach the grounds till the game was over. 

2. Where thou goest, I will go. 

3. As he sows, so shall he reap. 

4. I don't know what happened, for I wasn't there in time to see. 

5. He was so shocked that he could not speak. 

6. He was sure to catch the blessing from on high when it 
should come. 

7. He left as soon as we arrived. 

8. It looks as if it will rain. 

9. Take heed lest you fall. 

10. She talks better than her brother. 

11. I cannot go unless he comes. 

12. He came in just as I was leaving. 

13. He and the poet, arm in arm, still talking together as they 
went along, proceeded to the spot. 

14. If it is not sunshine, what can it be ? 



ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES 225 

15. You make such a noise that I cannot hear. 

16. And when Mr. Gathergold had become so very rich that it 
would have taken him a hundred years only to count his wealth, he 
bethought himself of his native valley, and resolved to go back 
thither, and end his days w^here he w^as born. 

17. We reached the station just as the train was about to leave. 

18. The story was so ridiculous that I had to laugh. 



CXLVIII. ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES 

459. To analyze a complex sentence : — 

1. Tell the principal clause. 

2. Tell the subordinate clause, or clauses. 

8. Analyze each clause as you would analyze a simple 
sentence. * 

Example : — 

When the toil of the day was over, he would gaze at it for hours, 
until he began to imagine that those vast features recognized him. 

Principal clause : he would gaze at it for hours. 

Subordinate clause : When the toil of the day was over 

(adverb clause, modifies would 
gaze^. 

Subordinate clause : until lie began to imagine that those 

vast features recognized him (ad- 
verb clause, modifies would gaze') . 

Subordinate clause : that those vast features recognized 

him (noun clause, object of infin- 
itive to imagine). 

Next analyze each clause as you would analyze a simple 
sentence. 

Q 



226 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

460. Partial analysis of some complex sentences, in whicli 
only the more difficult constructions are spoken of : — 

1. Where the bee sucks, there suck I. 

Principal clause : there suck I. 
Subordinate clause : Where the bee sucks (adverb clause, 

modifies there^, 
"Where : conjunctive adverb, joins the 
clauses, and modifies sucks. 

2. He is not so tall as I am. 

Principal clause : He is not so tall. 
Suhordinate clause : as I am (adverb clause, modifies 

talV), 
so : adverb, modifies tall, 
as : conjunctive adverb ; joins the 
clauses and modifies am. 

3. I am taller than you. 

Principal clause : I am taller. 
Suhordinate clause : than you (adverb clause, modifies 

taller). 
you : subject of are understood. 

4. This is the man whom we have elected president. 

Principal clause : This is the man. 
Suhordinate clause : whom we have elected president 

(adjective clause, modifies man). 
whom : object of have elected. 
president : complement (objective predicate 
noun), completes the verb have 
elected and means the same thing 
as the object whom. 



ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES 227 

5. This is the man for whom we sent. 

Principal clause : This is the man. 
Subordinate clause : for whom we sent (adjective clause, 

modifies man^. 
for whom : adverb phrase, modifies sent, 

whom : object of preposition for ; man is 
the antecedent of whom, 

6. He went to w^here the road ends. 

To where the road ends is an adverb preposition phrase^ 
modifying tvent. 

Where the road ends is a noun clause^ object of the 
preposition to ; where is an adverb modifying ends. 

Principal clause: He went to [where the road ends]. 
Subordinate clause: where the road*ends. 

7. The condition on which I forgive you is that you never do 
again what you have done to-day. 

Principal clause : The condition is. , 
Subordinate clause : on which I forgive you (adjective 

clause, modifies condition'). 
Subordinate clause : that you never do again wliat you 

have done to-day (noun clause, 
predicate noun). 
Subordinate clause : what you have done to-day (noun 

clause, object of do). 
' what : object of have done, 

8. What he says is true. 

What he says is the subordinate clause ; it is a noun 
clause, subject of is. This kind of sentence is called a 
complex sentence, bat it has no principal clause except 
the whole sentence. See sentence (6) above. 



228 ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

9. That you have deceived us is clear. 

That you have deceived us is a subordinate clause; it is 
a noun clause, subject of is. 

10. He will never succeed, however hard he may work. 

Principal clause : He will never succeed. 
Subordinate clause : however hard he may work (adverb 

clause, modifies tvill succeed). 
hard : adverb, modifies may work. 
however : conjunctive adverb, modifies hard. 

11. The more he has, the more he wants. 

Principal clause: the more he wants. 
Subordinate clause : The more he has (adverb clause, 

modifies the in principal clause). 
The more he wants. 

he : subject, 
wants : verb. 

more : object (adjective used as noun). 
the : adverb, modifies more. 
The more he has. 

he : subject, 
has : verb, 
more : object (adjective used as noun). 
the : conjunctive adverb, modifies more. 

12. The more he runs, the stronger he grows. 

Priyicipal clause : the stronger he grows. 

Subordinate clause : The more he runs. 

more : adverb, modifies runs. 

stronger ; adverb, modifies grows. 



EXERCISES ' 229 

13. I had rather go than stay. 

It is better to call this an English idiom, and not try to 
analyze it. 

14. Please lend me your book. 

Principal clause : lend me your book. 
Suhordinate clause : [if you] please (adverb clause, 

modifies lend.} 

15. He spoke so low that nobody could hear him. 

Principal clause : He spoke so low. 
Subordinate clause : that nobody could hear him (adverb 

clause, modifies low}. 

CXLIX. EXERCISES 

461. Write the analysis of the following sentences : — 

1. He came sooner than we expected him. 

2. He is not so strong as he used to be. 

3. I believe that he has told what I confessed to him. 

4. I know that the boys will be hungry when they come in. 

5. How they were to do it was a question which they never 
asked. 

6. He entered the house, which, to tell the truth, Dame Van 
Winkle had always kept in neat order. 

7. His children were as ragged and as wild as if they belonged to 
nobody. 

8. The more guests we have, the merrier we shall be. 

9. Every man would like to know what others think of him. 

10. Nobody can depend on what he says. 

11. We stopped where the accident happened. 

12. He works now as hard as he worked before. 

13. He has more money than sense. 

14o Here is the child to whom I gave the flowers. 



230 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

15. Whatever he may think to the contrary, he has made a great 
mistake. 

16. The farther he withdrew from the features, the more like a 
human face did they appear. 

17. It seemed as if an enormous giant had sculptured his own like- 
ness on the precipice. 

18. But the secret was that the boy's tender and confiding sim- 
plicity discerned what other people could not see. 

19. He would fish all day without a murmur, even though he 
should not be encouraged by a single nibble. 

20. The women of the village used to employ him to do such little 
odd jobs as their less obliging husbands would not do for them. 

21. His mother told him a story so very old that even the Indians, 
who formerly inhabited this valley, had heard it from their forefathers, 
to whom it had been murmured by the mountain stream. 

22. The purport was, that, at some future day, a child should be 
born hereabouts, who was destined to become the greatest and noblest 
personage of his time, and whose countenance, in manhood, should 
bear an exact resemblance to the Great Stone Face. 

23. We must not affirm that this was a mistake, although the face 
may have looked no more kindly at Ernest than at all the world 
besides. 

462. Sentences for oral analysis : — 

1. The child was better than we thought he was. 

2. He has an idea that I do not like him. 

3. The boy ought to be ashamed of what he has done. 

4. To be right is better than to be President. 

5. A glutton lives that he may eat. 

6. Night coming on, we had no remedy but to wait till the wind 
should abate. 

7. Friday kept his eyes upon me, that he might observe what I 
did. 

8. They brought old Friday to him, who talked often with him, 
and told him how kind the others would be to them. 

9. Weeds were sure to grow quicker in his fields than anywhere 
else. 



DIAGRAMS AND SHORT PARSING 231 

10. The rain always made a point of setting in just as he had 
some outdoor work to do. 

11. Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember 
the Kaatskill Mountains. 

12. Being a little recovered, he let me know, by all the signs he 
could possibly make, how much he was in my debt for his deliver- 
ance. 

13. The reason why so few marriages are happy is because young 
ladies spend their time in making nets, not in making cages. 

14. As they ascended. Rip every now and then heard long rolling 
peals, like distant thunder, that seemed to issue out of a deep ravine, 
or rather cleft, between lofty rocks, toward which their rugged path 
conducted. 

15. N^othing interrupted the stillness of the scene but the noise of 
the balls, which, whenever they were rolled, echoed along the moun- 
tains like rumbling peals of thunder. 

16. There were circumstances which led some to suppose that a 
stranger had been received into the cottage cm this awful night and 
had shared the catastrophe of all its inmates. 

17. While our thoughts were thus employed, the hostess entered 
the room to inform her husband that the strange gentleman who had 
been two days in the house had no money. 

18. It was the policy of the good old gentleman to make his chil- 
dren feel that home was the happiest place in the world. 



CL. DIAGRAMS AND SHORT PARSING 

Note to Teacher. — After the pupils have had a good deal of 
practice in parsing, it is frequently desirable to have them deal with 
the more difficult constructions only. To do this a happy combina- 
tion of diagraming and short parsing can be made. By means of a 
simple diagram, which deals with clauses only, the relation of the 
clauses to each other is presented clearly to the eye; and at the same 
time the words are shown most favorably for a test of their construc- 
tion. 

In the examples that follow, the words to be parsed are printed in 
italics. 



232 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

463. Examples : — 

1. I do not believe that he has the money which he promised to 
bring. 

I do not believe 

that he has the money 
(noun) \ 

v^rhich he promised to bring, 
(adjective) 

!N'ote that the noun clause is simply dropped without connecting 
line. The adjective clauses and the adverb clauses will be joined by 
a line to the words they modify. Let the pupil tell the use of the 
different clauses. 

2. So his mother told him a story that her own mother had told 
to her when she herself was younger than little Ernest, 

So his mother told him a story 



that her own mother had told to her 
(adj.) 

when she herself was younger 
(adv.) \ 

than little Ernest [was], 
(adv.) 

that: relative pronoun, objective case, object of had told, 
Ernest : noun, nominative case, subject of was understood. 

3. Whatever he does is done well, 

is done well. 
Whatever he does 
(noun) 

Whatever : indefinite relative pronoun, objective case, object of does, 
well : adverb, modifies is done. 

4. People were the more ready to believe that this must needs be 
the fact, when they beheld the splendid edifice which rose, as if by 



DIAGRAMS AND SHORT PARSING 233 

enchantment, on the site of his father's old weather-beaten farm- 
house. 

People were the more ready to believe 

/ that this must needs be the fact 
y (noun) 

when they beheld the splendid edifice 
(adv.) 

which rose on the site of his father's old 
(adj .) y w eather-beaten farmhouse 



as if [it rose] by enchantment 
(adv.) 

more : adverb, modifies ready, 
the : adverb, modifies more. 
needs : adverb, modifies must be, 

5. It is hard to understand that what he says can be true. 

It is hard to understand i , 

can be true, 
that what he says 

(noun) (noun) 

That what he says can be true is a noun clause, object of the infinitive 

to understand. 
What he says is a noun clause, subject of can be. 
that : conjunction, introduces the noun clause that what he says caii be 

true. 
what : relative pronoun, objective case, object of says. 

6. This is the man to whom we gave the money. 

This is the man 

\ 

to whom we gave the money, 
(adj.) 

to whom : adverb phrase, modifies gave. 

whom : relative pronoun, object of preposition to ; man is the ajitQ* 
cedent of whorrif 



234 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 

7. Neither did Ernest know that the thoughts and affections wliich 
came to him so naturally, in the fields and at the fireside, and wher- 
ever he communed with himself, were of a higher tone than tiio.e 
which most men shared with him. 

Neither did Ernest know 

that the thoughts and affections were of 
(noun) ^^-^^a higher tone 

than those [were] 
(adv.) I 

which all men 
(adj.) shared with him 
which came to him so naturally in the fields 
(adj.) \^ and at the fireside 

and wherever he communed with himself, 
(adv.) 

Note that there is perfect freedom in the drawing of the lines. 

8. We must judge him by what he says. 

We must judge him by 

what he says. 
(noun) 

By what he says is a preposition phrase, modifying must judge. 
What he says is a noun clause, object of the preposition by* 
what : relative pronoun, object of says, 

CLI. EXERCISES 

464. Diagram the following sentences and parse the 
words in italics : — 

For short parsing, tell : 1. Part of speech. 2. Case 
(if any). 3. How used. 

1. As soon as I came to the seashore I was surprised to see that 
I had taken up my lot on the worst side of the island. 

2. I confess this side of the country was worse than mine, 



EXERCISES 235 

3. It happened that the weather proved hazy while I was in the 
valley. 

4. I mentioned before that I had a great mind to see the whole 
island, and that I had traveled up the brook, to where I built my 
bower. 

5. Before I did this, I had a week's work to make a spade, which, 
when it was done, was but a sorry one. 

6. It is not easy for me to express how it moved me to see what 
filial affection had worked in the poor savage at the sight of his 
father. 

7. When his father had drunk, I called to him to know if there 
was any water left. 

8. Sir William said he would give me a letter to him, in which he 
would state the advantages. 

9. When I saw the mother slowly and painfully quitting the grave, 
leaving behind her the remains of all that was dear to her on earth, 
and returning to silence and destitution, my heart ached for her. 

10. And now, having a full supply for all 'the quests I expected, I 
gave the Spaniard leave to go over to the main to see what he could 
do with those he had left behind. 

11. The captain told them he would spare their lives if they would 
give him an assurance of their abhorrence of the treachery they had 
been guilty of. 

12. I told him that the first thing we had to do was to stave the 
boat, which lay upon the beach, so that they might not carry her off. 

13. Full of faith and hope, Ernest doubted not that ivhat the peo- 
ple said wsis true, 

14. While the boy was still gazing up the valley, and fancying 
that the Great Stone Face returned his gaze, the rumbling of wheels 
was heard. 

15. They seemed actually to believe that here was the likeness which 
they spoke of . ' 

16. It so happened that a native-born son of the valley, many years 
before, had enlisted as a soldier, and after a great deal of hard fight- 
ing, had now become an illustrious commander. 

17. At his first glimpse of the countenance which was bowing and 
smiling from the barouche, Ernest did fancy that there was a resem- 
blance between it and the old familiar face upon the mountain -side. 



236 ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



CLII. COMPOUND SENTENCES . 

465. Read: — 

1. My brother came home yesterday, but he did not stay very long. 

2. My brother, who has been sick, came home yesterday, but he 
did not stay very long. 

3. My brother, who has been sick, came home yesterday, and he 
will stay until he gets well. 

4. The way was long, the wind was cold, 
The minstrel was infirm and old. 

The first sentence is made up of two members : ^ — 

First member : My brother came home yesterday. 
Second member : but he did not stay very long. 

Each member is a principal clause. 

The second sentence is made up of two members : — 

First member : My brother, who has been sick, came 
home yesterday. 
Second member : but he did not stay very long. 

The first member is complex. 

The third sentence is made up of two members : — - 

First member : My brother, who has been sick, came 
home yesterday. 
Second member : and he will stay until he gets well. 

Both members are comjjlex. 

The fourth sentence is made up of three members^ each 
of which is a principal clause. 

1 The word member is used to designate the principal divisions of the 
compound sentence. 



COMPOUND SENTENCES 237 

A compound sentence must have two or more principal 
clauses, each of which is called a member of the compound 
sentence. 

Each member may be a principal clause, and nothing 
more; each member may be composed of a principal clause, 
and one or more subordinate clauses. 

466. To analyze compound sentences: — 

1. Tell the members of the compound sentence. 

2. Analyze each member as if it were a separate 
sentence. 

In written analysis mark the members by capital letters. 
Example : — 

Those who were in the canoe worked hard to get out of it, and 
though Friday made two or three shots at them I did not find that he 
hit any. 

A. Those who were in the canoe worked hard to get 
out of it. 

B. And though Friday made two or three shots at 
them, I did not find that he hit ^ny. 

A. Principal clause : Those worked hard to get out 

of it. 
Subordinate clause : who were in the canoe (adjec- 
tive clause, modifies those^. 

B. Principal clause: and I did not find. 
Subordinate clause : that he hit any (noun clause, 

object of findy^ 
Subordinate clause : though Friday made two or 

three shots at them (adverb 
clause, modifies hit^. 

Next analyze each clause just as if it were a sentence. 



238 ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



CLIII. EXERCISES 

467. Write the analysis of the following sentences : — 

1. I came as near them as I could, and then, before any of them 
saw me, I called to them in Spanish. 

2. On my way homeward I met with the woman who had acted as 
comforter: she was just returning from accompanying the mother to 
her lonely habitation, and I drew from her some particulars connected 
with the affecting scenes I had witnessed. 

3. One taste provoked another; and he repeated the visits to the 
flagon so often that at length his senses were overpowered. 

4. His mind now misgave him ; he began to doubt whether both 
he and the world around him were not bewitched. 

5. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before, and 
those which had been his familiar haunts had disappeared. 

6. This was a want which it was impossible for me to supply, and 
I began seriously to consider what I must do when I should have no 
more powder. 

7. In the course of a Sunday or two after, she was missed from her 
usual seat at church, and before I left the neighborhood, I heard, with 
a feeling of satisfaction, that she had quietly breathed her last, and 
had gone to rejoin those she loved, in that world where sorrow is 
never known, and friends* are never parted. 

468. Diagram the following sentences, and parse the 
words in italics (short parsing) : — 

[This exercise contains both compound and complex sentences.] 

Example: — 

1. This was a want which it was impossible to supply, and I began 
seriously to consider what I must do when I should have no more 
powder. 

A. This was a want 

\ 

which it was impossible to supply. 
. (adj.) 



EXERCISES 239 

and I began seriously to consider 

what I must do 
(noun) 



when I should have no^ more powder, 
(adv.) 

which: relative pronoun, object of to supply, 
to consider: infinitive, object of began, 

what: interrogative pronoun, object of must do, 

1. He grieved to give up his dog and his gun ; he dreaded to meet 
his loife; but it would not do to stance among the mountains. 

2. As he approached the village he met a number of people, but 
none whom he knew. 

3. There stood the Kaatskill Mountains; there Ydi^u the silver Hud- 
son at a distance ; there was every hill and dale precisely as it had 
been. 

4. With some difficulty he got doion into the glen ; he found the 
gully up which he and his companions had ascended the preceding 
evening ; but to his astonishment a mountain stream was now foaming 
down it, filling the glen with babbling murmurs. 

5. The first time I went out I discovered that there were goats in 
the island, but they were so swift of foot that it was the most difficult 
thing in the world to come at them. 

6. When we arrived at the place of the accident, the people who 
saw him killed told us hoic it had happened. 

7. There was a salt marsh that bounded part of the millpond, on 
the edge of which we used to stand to fish for minnows. 

8. In our way, a drunk Dutchman, who was a passenger too, fell 
overboard ; when he was sinking, I reached through the water to his 
shock pate, and drew him up. 

9. A mau is sometimes more generous when he has a little money 
than when he has plenty. 

10. Here I got dinner ; and while I was eating it, several sly ques- 
tions were asked me, as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and 
appearance, that I might be some runaway. 



240 ENGLISH GBAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

11. Broadford left me with Keinier, who was greatly surprised 
when I told him ivho the old man was. 

12. At length an accident happened that sent me back much 
sooner than I had intended to go. 

13. He got me a lodging at Mr, Read's, who was the owner of his 
house; and my chest and clothes being come by this time, I made 
rather a more respectable appearance in the eyes of Miss Read than 
I had done when she happened to see me eating my roll in the street. 

14. I balanced some time between principle and inclination, till 
I recollected that when the fish were opened I saw smaller fish taken 
out of their stomachs ; then thought I, " If you eat one another, I 
don't see why we mayn't eat you." 

]^OTE. — Continue this exercise by having the pupils analyze 
sentences selected from some piece of good literature. 



PART V 

The object of Part V is to teach the right use of certain 
parts of speech, 

CLIV. SHALL AND WILL (IN PRINCIPAL 

CLAUSES) 

469. Compare : — 

I 

I shall go to town in a few 
days. 



We shall take our sister to the 
country as soon as we can move 
her. 



II 

I will come to your house first. 



I will not pay a cent of the 
money, and he can't make me. 

We luill take our sister to the 
country whether the doctor gives 
his permission or not. 

I will lend you the money if I 
can get it. 

Tell the subject of each verb in column I. Tell the 
tense, person, and number of each verb. 

^ote that the auxiliary is shall. 

Tell the subject of each verb in column 11. Tell the 
tense, person, and number of each verb. 

Note that the auxiliary is will. 

There must be some reason for the use of shall in 
column I and zvill in column II. 

In which column is determination or promise expressed ? 

In the future tense shall is the right auxiliary with the 
first person when no determination or promise is expressed. 

In the future tense will is the right auxiliary with the 
first person when determination or promise is expressed. 
R 241 



242 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



470. Compare : — 

I 

You will stay here and write 
your exercise if you want to have 
it ready in time. 

He ivill do what I told him to 
do if he is wise. 



II 

You shall stay here and write 
your exercise if it takes you till 
night. 

He shall do what I told him to 
do, or he cannot go. 

Jenny shall have a new bonnet. 



Tell the subject of each verb in column I. Tell the 
tense, person, and number of each verb. 

I^ote that the auxiliary is zvilL 

Tell the subject of each verb m column II. Tell the 
tense, person, and number of each verb. 

Note that the auxiliary is shall. 

In which column is determination or promise expressed ? 

In the future tense the right auxiliary is will with the 
second person and the third person when no determination 
or promise is expressed. 

In the future tense the right auxiliary is shall with the 
second person and the third person when determination or 
promise is expressed. 



I 

Future Tense 
(Simple future time. No deter- 
mination or promise.) 

Sing. 1. I shall go. 

2. You will go. 

3. He will go. 

Plu. 1. We shall go. 

2. You will go. 

3. They will go. 



II 

Future Tense 

(Expressing determination or 

promise.) 

Sing. 1. I will go. 

2. You shall go. 

3. He shall go. 

Plu. 1. We will go. 

2. You shall go. 

3. They shall go. 



SHALL AND WILL IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 243 

471. In the following sentences put in the right aux- 
iliary (^shall or will}. 

1. We miss the train if we do not hurry. 

2. John come back soon. 

3. We go ; nothing can prevent us. 

4. He be sorry for this some day. 

5. You — — find your umbrella behind the door. 

6. I not put up with such treatment. 

7. If our father dies, we be left alone. 

CLV. SHALL AND WILL (IN SUBORDINATE 

CLAUSES) 

472. Suppose you are talking to a friend, Oscar, about 
a train he means to take. In the course of the conversa- 
tion he tells you that he shall miss his tram if he does not 
hurry. His exact words would be : ''I shall miss my 
train if I do not hurry." In repeating this speech to 
somebody else, you would say : '' Oscar says that he shall 
miss his train if he does not hurry." 



473. Compare : — 
I 

Oscar's Speech 
I shall miss my train if I do 
not hurry. 



II 

Report of Oscar's Speech 
Oscar says that he shall miss 
his train if he does not hurry. 



In column I shall is the right auxiliary, because simple 
future tense is expressed. 

In column II that he shall miss his train is a subordinate 
clause ; it is a noun clause, object of says. Shall is the 
auxiliary. 

In reporting the speech of Oscar we use the same aux- 
iliary that he would use in making the speech. 



2U 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



474. Compare : — • 

I 

Exact Speech 

Henry says : I shall go to 
town to-morrow. 

Mary says: I shall be left 
alone if my father dies. 

James says : I will lend you 
the money if I can get it. 

The mother says : I ivill take 
my child to the country in 'spite 
of what the doctor says. 

William says : I shall be glad 
to see you. 



II 

Reported Speech 



1 



Henry says that he shall go to 
town to-morrow. 

Mary says that she shall be 
left alone if her father dies. 

James says that he will lend 
you the money if he can get it. 

The mother says that she ivill 
take her child to the country in 
spite of what the doctor says. 

William says that he shall be 
glad to see you. 



A comparison of the above sentences shows : — 

That, in reporting the speech of another, we use the 

same auxiliary (^shall or will) that the speaker himself 

would use in making the speech. 

475. The same rule holds for the use of shall and will^ 
when, instead of sa^, we use the verbs thinks fear^ believe^ 
and the like. 



Compare; — 

I 

Exact thought, fear, or belief 
of Henry : — 

I shall miss my train. 

I shall be well to-morrow. 

John will be sick to-morrow. 

I ivill lend you the money to- 
morrow. 



II 

Reported thought, fear, or be- 
lief of Henry : — 

Henry fears that he shall miss 
his train. 

Henry thinks that he shall be 
well to-morrow. 

Henry fears that John will be 
sick to-morrow. 

Henry believes that he will lend 
you the money to-morrow. 



SHALL AND WILL IN QUESTIONS 245 

476. In the following sentences put in the right auxiliary 

(^shall or will) : — 

1. I fear that I not be able to go with you to-morrow. 

2. My brother be back by to-morrow night. 

3. My brother thinks that he be back by to-morrow night. 

4. My sister need the horse this afternoon. ^ 

5. I fear that my sister need the horse this afternoon. 

6. My sister says that she need the horse this afternoon. 



CLVI. SHALL AND WILL IN QUESTIONS 

477. Read: — 

Shall I lower the shade for you ? 
Shall we take a walk on the campus ? 

In questions, shall is used with the fir^st person^ singular 
and plural. 
Compare : — 

I 

Shall you have time to go with 
us to-morrow? 

Answer : I shall. 

Shall Jenny have a new bon- 
net? 

Answer : She shall (promise) . 



II 

Will you go in spite of all 
opposition ? 

Answer: I will,. 

Will Jenny come home soon? 

Answer : She will. 



Tell the person of each subject in column I. 

Note that the auxiliary is the same in question and answer. 
Tell the person of each subject in column II. 

Note that the auxiliary is the same in question and answer. 

In the second person and the third person the same 
auxiliary Qshall or will} is used in the question that is 
expected in the answer. 



246 



ENGLISH GBAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS 



478. In the following sentences put in the right aux- 
iliary (^shall or will) : — 



1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

5. 
6. 

7. 



10. 



we see you again? 

— — you be ready to go by nine o'clock ? 

you go, without fail ? 

Whom I trust? 

How many players I choose ? 

Mary be one of the players ? 

I bring you the book now? 

you be glad to see us ? 

you consent to be imposed on in this manner ? 

you bring me the book when you come back ? 



CLVII. SHOULD AND WOULD 



479. Compare : — 

I 

I shall be pleased to look over 
your new book. 

I IV ill pay you if I can get the 
money. 

He icill do better if he works 
harder. 

He shall not go if I can stop 
him. 



II 

I should be pleased to look over 
your new book, if I had the time. 

I would pay you if I had the 
money. 

He would do better if he 
worked harder. 

He should not go if I had my 
way. 



Note that in column II the use of should and zvould cor- 
responds to the use of shall and will in column I. 



480. Compare : — 

I 

Oscar says that he shall miss 
his train if he does not hurry. 

Henry fears that John will be 
sick. 



II 

Oscar said that he should miss 
his train if he did not hurry. 

Henry feared that John would 
be sick. 



PEB80NAL PRONOUNS 247 

The use of should and would follows, in general, the 
same rules that govern the use of shall and wilL 

481. Read: — 

I think I should do my duty. 
I think you should do your duty. 
I think he should do his duty. 

Should is used in all persons when the meaning is ought, 

482. In the following sentences pu^ in the right auxili- 
ary Qshoidd or would}. 

1. We feared that we ^ be too late. 

2. The teacher promised that Henry have another opportu- 
nity to pass his examination. 

3. We thought that the prisoner be convicted. 

4. I think that every member be compelled to attend the 

meeting. 

5. I not have been able to go, if my brother had not taken 

my place. 

6. John said that he stay until the game was over. 

7. I like to know what he did. 



CLVIII. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 

483. Read: — 

I see May now ; that is she in front. 

I haven't seen John for a long time, but I think the one on the 
left is he. 

This is between you and me. 

If any one breaks this rule, he will be punished for it. 

Every one may do just what he pleases. 

Note carefully the forms in italics ; they are the right 
forms. 



248 ENGLISH GRAMMAB FOR BEGINNERS 

484. It is I or It is me. 

Which is correct ? 

Parse / in the sentence It is I. 

Try to parse me in the sentence It is me. 

Those who speak best say It is I 

485. It is^^. 

It is she. 

The forms in italics are the right forms. 

486. In the following sentences put in the right forms 
(J or me} : — 

1. It is ; be not afraid. 

2. He knows that as well as . 

3. He is taller than . 

4. This is a matter that touches only you and — — . 

5. All were invited except you and . 

487. In the following sentences put in the right personal 
pronoun : — 

1. Every man must do what thinks is right. 

2. Let each girl raise hand. 

3. Every man and every boy took off hat. 

4. Some lost books, but every child held on to hat. 

5. Each of the boys has own book. 

CLIX. THE RIGHT USE OF SOME OTHER 
PARTS OF SPEECH 

488. This kind or these kinds instead of these kind. 

Read : — 

I don't like this kind of apple. 
I don't like these kinds of apples. 

The forms in italics are right. 



BIGHT USE OF SOME OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH 249 

489. As if or as instead of like. 

Read.: — 

It looks as if it will rain before night. 

He works as if he enjoys it. 

He worked the example just as we worked it. 

The conjunctions in italics are right, 

490. Adverb or Adjective? 

Read : — 

I feel bad to-day. 
She loohs pretty. 
- The rose smells sweet. 

Are the words in italics adverbs or adjectives? 

491. In the following sentences parse the words in 
italics : — 

1. This wine tastes sour. 

2. This boy cannot hear well. 

3. I feel very well to-day. 

4. Mary looks well in her new bonnet. 

5. I can see very well with my new glasses. 

6. This is between you and me. 



APPENDIX 



LIST OF STRONG VERBS 



Present 

abide 

am 

bear 

beat 

begin 

bid 

bind 

bite 

blow 

break 

chide 

choose 

cling 

come 

dig 

do 

draw 

drink 

drive 

eat 

fall 

fight 

find 

fling 

fly 

forget 

forsake 

freeze 



Past 


Past Participle 


abode 


abode 


was 


been 


bore 


borne 


beat 


beaten 


began 


begun 


bade, bid 


bidden, bid 


bound 


bound 


bit . 


bitten, bit 


blew 


blown 


broke 


broken 


chid 


chidden, chid 


chose 


chosen 


clung 


clung 


came 


come 


dug 


dug 


did 


done 


drew 


drawn 


drank 


^ drunk 


drove 


driven 


ate 


eaten 


fell 


fallen 


fought 


fought 


found 


found 


flung 


flung 


flew 


flown 


forgot 


forgotten 


forsook 


forsaken 


froze 


frozen 


251 





252 



APPENDIX 



Present 


Past 


Past Participle 


get 


got 


got 


give 


gave 


given 


go 


went 


gone 


grind 


ground 


ground 


grow 


grew 


grown 


hang 


hung, hanged 


hung, hanged 


hide 


hid 


hidden 


hold 


held 


held 


know 


knew 


known 


lie (to lie down) 


lay 


lain 


ride 


rode 


ridden 


ring 


rang 


rung 


rise 


rose 


risen 


run 


ran 


run 


see 


saw 


seen 


shine 


shone 


shone 


shrink 


shrank 


shrunk 


sing 


sang 


sung 


sink 


sank 


sunk 


sit 


sat 


sat 


slay 


slew 


slain 


slide 


slid 


slidden, slid 


slink 


slunk 


slunk 


smite 


smote 


smitten 


speak 


spoke 


spoken 


spin 


spun 


spun 


spring 


sprang 


sprung 


stand 


stood 


stood 


steal 


stole 


stolen 


stick 


stuck 


stuck 


sting 


stung 


stung 


stink 


stunk 


stunk 


strike 


struck 


struck 


string 


strung 


strung 


strive 


strove 


striven 


swear 


swore 


sworn 


swim 


swam 


swum 



APPENDIX 



253 



Present 

swing 

take 

tear 

thrive 

throw 

tread 

wake 

wear 

weave 

win 

wind 

wring 

write 



Past 


Past Participle 


swung 


swung 


took 


taken 


tore 


torn 


throve, thrived 


thriven, thrived 


threw 


thrown 


trod 


trodden, trod 


woke, waked 


waked 


wore 


worn 


wove 


woven 


won 


won 


wound 


wound 


wrung 


wrung 


wrote 


written 



INDEX 



[The numbers refer to pages.] 



Adjectives, 5; 

pronominal, 59 ; 

demonstrative, 60 ; 

comparison of, 64. 

attributive and appositive, 152 ; 

predicate adjective, 153; 

objective predicate adjective, 154. 
Adjective clauses, 68, 222. 
Adjective phrases, 68, 157. 
Adjective pronouns, 57. 
Adverb clauses, 118, 223. 
Adverb phrases, 116. 
Adverbial objective, 130. 
Adverbs, 11 ; 

kinds of, 111-113; 

conjunctive, 176; 

phrasal adverbs, 179. 
Analysis, of simple sentences, 207-218 : 

of complex sentences, 219-235 ; 

of compound sentences, 236-240. 
Apposition, nouns in, 124. 
Articles, 62. 
As, as relative pronoun, 147 ; 

other uses of, 191. 

But, as relative pronoun, 147 , 
other uses of, 191. 

Case, of nouns, 41-44; 

of pronouns, 44. 
Clauses, 68; 

adjective clauses, 68, 222; 

adverb clauses, 118, 223; 

noun clauses, 136, 220. 
Comparison of adjectives, 64; 

of adverbs, 115. 



Complements, 200-203. 
Conjugation, 87. 
Conjunctions, 17, 183. 
Conjunctive adverbs, 176. 
Correlative conjunctions, 187. 

Declension, of nouns, 42; 

of pronouns, 48. 
Demonstrative pronouns, 51. 
Demonstrative adjectives, 60. 

Elliptical sentences, 219. 

Gender, of nouns, 28; 
of pronouns, 30. 

Imperative mood, 82. 
Indefinite pronouns, 58. 
Independent elements, 206. 
Indicative mood, 81. 
Infinitive, 84, 106, 161 ; 

in -ing, 162 ; 

as noun, 164; 

as adverb, 166; 

as adjective, 166; 

with subject, 168. 
Interjections, 18. 
Interrogative pronouns, 52. 
It, uses of, 141-142. 

Like, as adjective, 178; 
as adverb, 178 ; 
other uses of, 192. 



Modifiers, 204-205. 
Mood, 81-82. 
255 



256 



INDEX 



Nominative absolute, 126. 
Nominative case, uses of, 123-128. 
Nominative of address, 126. 
Nouns, 3; 

number, 21-26; 

gender, 28 ; 

proper and common, 32; 

collective, 33; 

abstract, 34 ; 

case of, 41-44. 
Noun clauses, 136, 220. 

Object, direct, 129; 

indirect, 129. 
Objective case, uses of, 129-133. 
Objective predicate adjective, 154. 
Objective predicate noun, 132. 

Participles, 86, 108, 170. 
Plural, of nouns, 21-26 ; 

of pronouns, 26; 

of verbs, 27. 
Possessive case, 42. 
Predicate, 2 ; 

predicate verb, 40; 

compound predicate, 206; 

complete predicate, 206. 
Predicate adjective, 153. 
Predicate noun, 123. 
Prepositions, 14, 181. 
Principal parts of the verb, 100. 
Pronominal adjective, 59. 
Pronouns, 7 ; 

number, 26 ; 

gender, 30; 

case, 44; 

personal, 47; 

demonstrative, 51 ; 

interrogative, 52; 

relative, 54, 143-149; 

adjective, 57; 

indefinite, 58; 

compound personal, 137, 

Relative pronouns, 54-56. 



Sentences, 1 ] 

kinds of, 195-198 ; 

simple, 198-218; 

analysis of, 207-240; 

elliptical, 219 ; 

complex, 219-235; 

compound, 236-240. 
Shall, use of, 241-246. 
Should, use of, 246. 
Strong verbs, 99. 
Subject, 2; 

subject noun, 40; 

grammatical subject, 141 ; 

subject of infinitive, 168; 

compound subject, 205; 

complete subject, 206. 
Subjunctive mood, uses of, 160-161. 

Tenses, 38, 71. 

That, uses of, 190. 

The, as adverb, 178. 

There, introductory adverb, 177. 

Verbs, 8; 

number, 27 ; 

transitive, 36; 

person, 72; 

intransitive, 77; 

voice, 78; 

mood, 81 ; 

conjugation, 87; 

progressive forms, 92; 

emphatic forms, 94; 

verb phrases, 95-98; 

weak and strong, 99 ; 

principal parts, 100. 
Verb phrases, 95-98. 
Voice, 78. 

Weak verbs, 99, 102-106. 

What, uses of, 190. 
Will, uses of, 241-246. 
Would, use of, 246. 



Tarr and McMurry's Geographies 



COMMENTS 



North Plainfield, N J. — " I think it the best Geography that I have 
seen.'' — H. J. Wightman, Sti^perintendent. 

Boston, Mass. — " I have been teaching the subject in the Boston Nor- 
mal School for over twenty years, and Book I is the book I have 
been looking for for the last ten years. It comes nearer to what I 
have been working for than anything in the geography line that I 
have yet seen. I congratulate you on the good work." 

— Miss L. T. Moses, Normal School. 

Detroit, Mich. — " I am much pleased with it and have had enthusiastic 
praise for it from all the teachers to whom I have shown it. It 
seems to me to be scientific, artistic, and convenient to a marked 
deo-ree. The maps are a perfect joy to any teacher who has been 
using the complicated affairs given in most books of the kind." 

— Agnes McRae. 

De Kalb, 111. — ^^I have just finished examining the first book of Tarr 
and McMurry's Geographies. I have read the book with care 
from cover to cover. To say that 1 am pleased with it is express- 
ing it mildly. It seems to me just what a geography should be. 
It is correctly conceived and admirably executed. The subject is 
approached from the right direction and is developed in the right 
proportions. And those maps — how could they be any better? 
Surely authors and publishers have achieved a triumph in text- 
book making. I shall watch with interest for the appearance of 
the other two volumes." — Professor Edward C. Page, Northern 
Illinois State Norinal School, 

Asbury Park, N.J. — "I do not hesitate at all to say that I think the 
Tarr and McMurry's Geography the best in the market." 

— F. S. Shepard, Superintendent of Schools. 

Ithaca, N.Y. — "i am immensely pleased with Tarr and McMurry's 
Geography." — Charles De Garmo, Professor of Pedagogy^ 
Cornell University. 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York 

BOSTON CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 



Tarr and McMurry's Geographies 

A New Series of Geographies in Two, Three, or Five Volumes 

By RALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.Q.S.A. 

Cornell University 
AND 

FRANK M. McMURRY, Ph.D. 

Teachers College, Columbia University 



TWO BOOK SERIES 

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Complete Geography $1.00 

THE THREE BOOK SERIES 

First Book (4th and 5th years) Home Geography and the Earth 

as a Whole 5o cents 

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THE FIVE BOOK SERIES 

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Fifth Part (8th year) Asia and Africa, with Review of North 

America (with State Supplement) 50 cents 

Without Supplement 40 cents 

Home Geography, Greater New York Edition .... 50 cents net 
Teachers' Manual of Method in Geography. By Charles A. 

McMuRRY ,40 cents net 

To meet the requirements of some courses of study, the section from the Third 
Book, treating of South America, is bound up with the Second Book, thus bringing 
North America and South America together in one volume. 

The following Supplementary Volumes have also been prepared, and may be 
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or the Fifth Part of the Five Book Series : 

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When ordering, be careful to specify the Book or Part and the Series desired, 
and whether with or without the State Supplement. 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

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BOSTON CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 



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